Electric lamp: circuit, device, description and reviews

An electric lamp is an indispensable element in the electrification of any room. Today there are different kinds of lamps. Of these, any owner will choose the options that best complement the comfort in the house. Lamps can have different technical characteristics. Picking them up correctly, it will also be possible to save money on paying for electricity.

Despite the variety of species, they have the same parts: a socket with a thread and a cartridge. The relevant information is always contained on the lamps themselves.

Socles

For household needs there are lamps with a small, medium and large base. These characteristics correspond to the dimensions of E14, E27 and E40. The number here means millimeter diameter. The size of E27 is the most common. E40 is used on street lamps with a power of 300, 500 and 1000 watts.

In addition to screwed into the socket cap, there are variants of pin type. Their types: G5, G9, 2G10, 2G11, G23, R7s-7. Such plinths are needed to save space. The electric lamp here is fixed in a fixture by means of pins.

Power

This is one of the main characteristics. The manufacturer indicates it on the plinth or cylinder. The power of an electric lamp determines which light flux will emanate from it. Light output and the level of light emitted are different concepts. After all, an energy-saving light bulb, which has a power of 5 watts, can shine no worse than an incandescent lamp at 60 watts. Unfortunately, the light output parameter is not fixed. Therefore, it remains to rely only on their own experience of using those or other options, as well as advice of sellers.

Light output

The parameter means that the lamp produces the appropriate number of lumens per 1 Watt. Comparing the indicators of different types, you can see that the energy-saving fluorescent lamp will be four to nine times more economical than an incandescent lamp. If the latter by 60 watts will give approximately 600 lumens, then the energy-saving same results will be shown at the parameters of 10-11 Watt.

Electric incandescent lamp: characteristics, power, voltage

These kinds of light bulbs appeared first in homes in the nineteenth century. Of course, they have changed a lot since then. However, the principle of action remained the same.

All of them consist of a glass bottle inside which is a vacuum space, a socle with contacts and fuses, and filaments emitting light. The spiral is made of tungsten alloys, which can easily withstand the operating temperature of 3200 degrees Celsius. The electrical scheme of the lamps is as follows: when passing through a conductor with a small cross section and the conductivity of an electric current, some of the energy is transferred to the heating of the spiral part. Therefore, it begins to glow. To prevent the thread from burning out at the same moment, inert gases are pumped into the lamps.

Despite such a simple device of an electric lamp, many of their kinds are invented, differing from each other in shapes, dimensions and materials used. In addition, the lamps are made with different capacities. It ranges from 40 to 250 watts, if designed for household lighting. For industrial needs, more powerful installations are being made.

A simple circuit of an electric lamp can look like this.

There are decorative lamps in the form of candles, the balloon of which has an elongated rather than a round shape, and is similar in shape to a candle. Usually they are used in small lamps. Glasses can be painted in different colors. The composition of the glasses of mirror lamps includes a reflective coating to guide the light in a compact beam. Most often they are used for ceiling lighting to direct all the light down. An electric filament lamp has a low voltage. Those that are designed for local lighting have a voltage of only 12, 24, 36 V. They are used in accidents, in hand-held devices and so on. Together with low energy consumption, they give very little coverage.

Also, electric lamps differ in resistance, which varies with voltage and power, but not in a linear fashion.

Such lamps have a number of disadvantages. First of all, they have a low efficiency - it does not exceed 2-3% of energy consumption. The rest is given to the production of heat. Secondly, they are unsafe in terms of the risk of fire. A regular newspaper can catch fire in twenty minutes after it is applied to a lamp with a power of 100 watts. Lamps are also not durable, since they serve only 500 to 1000 hours.

But they are very cheap and do not require any additional settings and connections. Therefore, despite the existing shortcomings, many consumers respond about these lamps positively and continue to use them.

Halogen lamps

This species has the same working principle as in the previous case. The difference is only in the composition of the gas inside the cylinder. Here, iodine or bromine is added to the inert gas. Thus, the temperature of filaments increases and tungsten evaporates. Therefore, their service life is many times greater than incandescent lamps.

As the glass temperature increases very quickly, they are made of quartz. Such material does not tolerate any contamination.

Halogen lamps, in turn, are divided into different types. These are linear versions used in stationary or portable searchlights, and lamps with a mirror coating, which are often installed in plasterboard structures. Among the shortcomings they can identify sensitivity to voltage drops. Therefore, in the application it is desirable to use an additional special transformer, where the amperage of the electric lamp will be equalized.

Often, such lamps are installed for automobile headlights. And although car owners respond positively to them, they do not see a big difference between economical options and expensive ones, with different sputtering and other effects.

Fluorescent fluorescent tubes

If the halogen lamps had a similar operating principle with incandescent lamps, then this type of operation differs significantly in its operation. Here, under the influence of current in the bulb of glass, not tungsten filaments, but mercury vapor, burn. Since light is radiated in the ultraviolet, it is virtually impossible to distinguish it. The ultraviolet forces the light to emit phosphor, a coating on the walls of the tubes. We see it. The method of connection in this case is also significantly different. On the tubes are pins, which need to be inserted into the cartridge and turn.

Daylight lamps work at a low temperature, so they are easy to touch. Thanks to a large surface, it is possible to achieve even scattered light, good for human eyes. The service life is ten times higher than that of incandescent lamps.

But such lamps are not directly connected to the network. For them, special ballasts and starters are used, setting them on fire. Most luminaires designed for fluorescent lamps have built-in glowing devices that resemble electronic ballasts.

Despite the high cost, buyers of lamps with such lamps note their naturalness for sight. Therefore, their consumers remain true to their choice.

They have the following markings:

• LB means white light;
• LD - day time;
• ЛЕ - natural;
• LHB - cold;
• LTB - warm.

After the letters follow the figures, the first of which indicates the degree of transmission of light, and the next - the corresponding luminescence temperature. The higher the light transmission, the more lighting is more natural for perception. Different temperatures will give different colors. So, a very warm white will turn out at 2700K, warm at 3000K, natural at 4000K, daylight at 5000K.

Energy-saving lamps

When these compact lamps appeared, they made a real sensation in the market. Their species are extremely diverse. And their advantages are obvious: now there is no need to install additional ballast and use special lamps. They are easily screwed into a regular base. At the same time, like all species, they have shortcomings. This is a poor performance at low temperature, long start-up, incompatibility with light regulators, high price, mercury compounds in the composition, dissimilarity with natural light.

Such lamps, although gaining popularity, but people still with some regard for them and, using, usually have in stock ordinary bulbs.

LED Light Bulbs

This species appeared in the second half of the twentieth century. By action they are a semiconductor, where part of the energy is released as radiation perceived by the human eye. The color is different, depending on the semiconductor material.

These models are better than incandescent lamps in all respects:

• Length of service life;
• Light output;
• Strength;
• Economy and so on.

LED lamps are different depending on the power, size, performance and so on.

But aside from all these obvious advantages, there is one significant drawback: the price that is 100 times higher than the cost of conventional incandescent lamps. Such a significant negative, of course, reduces the number of consumers. But nevertheless, LEDs are gaining more and more fans.