Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3. Short description, table

"Peacemaker" - so characterized the rule of Alexander 3. Domestic and foreign policy was carried out by this ruler brilliantly. He was not trained in the heirs of the throne, but by coincidence of tragic circumstances Alexander had to become one. He who loves his country, who cares for his people, his originality, he managed to raise the state, exhausted by the war with the Turks, financially and morally. This is one of the few sovereigns who managed to ensure their people's lives without wars, because for his rule the Russian Empire had no conflicts with any of the states. In the article we will tell you about the emperor Alexander 3. Domestic and foreign policy will also be briefly described and analyzed.

Alexander III: accession to the throne

How did Alexander come to the Russian throne? He was not born the heir to the throne. It was his elder brother, Nikolai, who was to inherit the crown. However, the latter dies in adolescence. Accordingly, young Alexander quickly begin to prepare so that he could with dignity adopt the work of his father - Emperor Alexander II.

In general, Alexander III was preparing for a brilliant military career, but the plans were not destined to come true. After the death of his brother, Tsarevich Nicholas, Alexander urgently taught foreign languages, geography and other sciences necessary for the future emperor.

Together with the crown from Nicholas Alexander also receives a bride, the princess of Denmark in baptism received the name of Mary. The young people were so shocked by the death of the prince, with whom they were on friendly terms, that the firstborn was called Nicholas.

What did Alexander III receive at the beginning of his reign? Destroyed and exhausted by the Russian-Turkish war, the country, the outbreak of anti-government sentiments in all social groups. Recall that the father of Emperor Alexander II died at the hands of terrorists.

Zemstvo and judicial reforms

March 1, 1881, Alexander III entered the throne. Internal and foreign policies can be summarized as follows: firmness and determination. Let's analyze the main aspects.

The first thing for which the new sovereign undertook is the suppression of all kinds of freethinking. He believed that it was precisely this fault in most of Russia's troubles. Do not forget that his father was also a victim of terror, born from excessive education. Alexander II was the guardian of enlightenment, in contrast to Alexander III takes a number of contradictions.

In 1884, issued a decree concerning the activities of universities (it was their emperor who considered the focus of free-thinking). The document abolished all kinds of meetings within the educational institutions, prohibited student courts; Access to higher education was closed to the lower classes.

As for local authorities, it was strengthened by the following measures: the zemstvos were strictly governed by governors, the rights of officials were sharply curtailed. Officials were only from the upper strata, the peasantry was not allowed into power and did not participate in elections.

There have also been changes in the judicial system. They are closely related to the reforms in the zemstvos. Courts now directly subordinated to the state, publicity in the meetings was strictly limited, and the qualification was also imposed on jurors.

The situation

Domestic policy of Alexander III also affected the peasantry. Their position after the famous reform of 1861 was unenviable: the lack of money to buy land, debts, inability to do business - all this made the ruined people go to cities. Alexander III takes a number of decisions that stabilize the situation. So, the peasants are forgiven debts, the tax rate on land redemption is lowered. A special Peasant Bank is also being created, where people could borrow for management (the interest was not high).

Thus, agriculture in the country begins to develop, centers are emerging that specialize in a certain direction: technical cultures (the Baltic States), grains (Ukraine), livestock (Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.)

Military reform

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3 were aimed at strengthening the autocracy within the country. The military reform contributed to many of this.

Do not forget that initially Alexander was preparing for a career military, he knew this case well and understood it. Although Russia did not wage wars for his rule, the army grew very well. All kinds of defensive structures, mountain divisions were created, great importance was given to army reserves, both to the equestrian and infantry.

For the purpose of training military schools are open on the basis of military gymnasiums. Not only young soldiers are being trained, but also the command staff. Promotion is only for seniority.

A special role is assigned to military infrastructure. So there are special railway brigades, called upon to deliver employees to the places of deployment.

Another innovation is the armament of the army. Three-line rifle becomes the main weapon, the form changes (it is now more convenient for soldiers).

National Reforms

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3 was strengthened and due to a tough national position. The idea that the Russian Empire is intended only for Russians, sounded just from the mouth of Alexander III. Many political decisions are based on this idea.

The Emperor takes serious steps to strengthen the Orthodox faith. Especially in this issue, the border regions of the country were weak. The active construction of Orthodox churches begins. At the state level, citizens of non-Orthodox faith and non-Russian nationalities are being oppressed. Most "got" to the Poles and Jews. Work on Russification is conducted in Ukraine and the Baltic states.

Financial system and industry

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3 proceeded from the reality of what emperor received the country. She was in great economic decline. Accordingly, one of the main tasks that had to be solved was to withdraw the country from the economic crisis. To this end, the best figures of the era are involved in the financial and industrial reforms.

So, Bunge proposed to abolish the poll tax, instead he was offered to pay excise on alcohol, tobacco, sugar or oil. In addition, the tax rate on property increases, for example, from land and urban real estate. In order to reduce the budget deficit, customs duties are raised.

As for industry, it is growing at a fast pace. Particularly flourishing metallurgy, textile and machine-building production. New methods of oil production are being developed. Thus, according to this indicator, Russia comes out on top.

Let us briefly show what reforms Alexander has implemented. 3. Foreign and domestic policy (table):

Domestic policy

As for foreign policy, it is not for nothing that this emperor is called a "peacemaker" - he in every possible way protected his country from military conflicts. Also attracted other countries to such actions.

In his reign, the Russian empire became closer with Great Britain and France, but in the Balkans weakened our positions.

Confrontation with Germany in terms of customs relations exacerbated economic relations.

Thus, Alexander's domestic policy and foreign policy 3 contributed to the economic, national and industrial development of the country.