DNA replication is the main steps

DNA replication is the process of deoxyribonucleic acid biosynthesis. The material for the biosynthesis of DNA is adenosine, guanosine-cytidine and thymidine triphosphoric acid or ATP, GTP, CTF and TTF.

The mechanism of DNA replication

Biosynthesis is carried out in the presence of a so-called "seed" - some amount of single-stranded transformed deoxyribonucleic acid and a catalyst. The DNA polymerase acts as a catalyst. This enzyme takes part in the combination of nucleotide residues. Over one thousand nucleotide residues are connected in one minute. The nucleotide residues in the molecule of the deoxyribonucleic acid fragment are linked together by 3 ', 5'-phosphodiester bonds. The DNA polymerase catalyzes the attachment of mononucleotide residues to the free 3-hydroxyl end of the transformed deoxyribonucleic acid. First, small parts of the DNA molecule are synthesized. They lend themselves to DNA ligase and form longer fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid. Both fragments are localized in the nuclei of cells. The transformed deoxyribonucleic acid is used as a point of growth of a future DNA molecule and is also a matrix on which an antiparallel chain of deoxyribonucleic acid is formed, which is identical to the transformed DNA in the structure and sequence of nucleotide residues. DNA replication occurs during the interphase of mitotic cell division. Deoxyribonucleic acid is concentrated in chromosomes and chromatin. After the formation of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, its secondary and tertiary structures are formed. Two strands of deoxyribonucleic acid are joined together by hydrogen bonds according to the complementarity rule. DNA replication occurs in the nuclei of cells.

The material for the biosynthesis of different groups and species of RNA is the macroergic compounds: ATP, GTP, CTF and TTF. Ribonucleic acid can be synthesized in them with the participation of one of these three fragments: a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a polynucleotide-nucleotide-transferase and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The first of these is contained in the nuclei of all cells, also found in mitochondria. RNA is synthesized on a DNA matrix in the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates, Mangan and Magnesium ions. An RNA molecule is formed that is complementary to the DNA template. In order for DNA to replicate in the nuclei, r-RNA-, t-RNA-, and-RNA- and RNA-primers are formed. The first three are transported to the cytoplasm, where they participate in protein biosynthesis.

DNA replication occurs almost as well as translation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Transmission, as well as the preservation of hereditary information is carried out in two stages: transcription and translation. What is a gene? A gene is a material unit that is part of a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA in some viruses). Contained in the chromosomes of cell nuclei. Genetic information is transferred from DNA through RNA to protein. Transcription is carried out in the cell nucleus and consists in the synthesis of i-RNA at the sites of the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid. It should be said that the nucleotide sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid "rewrites" to the nucleotide sequence of the i-RNA molecule. The RNA polymerase is attached to the corresponding DNA site, "unwinds" its double helix and copies the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, adding nucleotides according to the principle of complementarity. As the fragment moves, the chain of synthesized RNA moves away from the matrix, and the double helix of DNA behind the enzyme is immediately restored. If the RNA polymerase reaches the end of the copied site, the RNA moves away from the matrix into the karyoplasm, then moves to the cytoplasm, where it participates in the biosynthesis of the protein.

During translation, the nucleotide sequence in the i-RNA molecule is translated into a sequence of amino acid residues in the protein molecule. This process occurs in the cytoplasm, and the RNA here unites, and the polysome is formed.