Description of the engine on vehicles of different models

All moving technical devices, cars, construction machinery, water transport and many others. Etc., are equipped with power plants of various characteristics. In most cases, these are internal combustion engines, powerful enough and effective, long established as a reliable means of providing the motor functions of the mechanisms.

General description of the unit

On the page is a photo of the engine with a description of the workflow. The motor image in the section allows you to familiarize yourself with the main components and details. In the lower part there is a crankcase with an oil pump, which drives lubrication through special channels, starting from the crankshaft and ending with the timing chain. Acting through the channels of the crankshaft, oil under pressure in four atmospheres lubricates the plain bearings or the crankshaft bearing crank journals. Simultaneously, the lubricant is sprayed, turns into an oil mist, which ensures the formation of a film on the mirror of the cylinders. Pistons slide smoothly, practically with zero friction. Each of them has from one to three oil-removal rings located above the main compression ones. The purpose of these rings is to remove excess oil and prevent it from entering the combustion chamber. The oil also enters the top of the engine, where the timing mechanism is lubricated, the camshaft, the valve tappets and levers. Another zone of the lubrication system is the gears and double chain with tensioner. Here the oil spreads by gravity, it is sprayed with rotating parts. During the operation of the vehicle, engine oil is contaminated with metal microparticles. Each machine has its own kilometer rate, after which it is necessary to replace the lubricant. If the mileage traveled is not possible, then periodically check the engine oil for clarity. In case of darkening, it is required to make a replacement immediately.

The description of the engine can begin with the principle of its operation. Power plants of internal combustion are of two types: petrol and diesel, the former working on the principle of expanding the gases obtained by burning a combustible mixture ignited by an electric spark. The resulting pressure causes the piston to drop sharply to the lower point, the crank mechanism starts to rotate, thus a working cycle occurs. The most common number of cylinders is four, but there are six-and eight-cylinder engines. Sometimes the number of cylinders reaches sixteen, these motors are very powerful, they work smoothly, their performance is high. Such engines are installed on elite automobile equipment.

The diesel engine operates on the same principle, but the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber is ignited not by a spark, but by compression.

Internal combustion engines are divided into two- and four-stroke engines. The difference between these principles of action is significant. Motorcycle motors usually work in a two-stroke mode, the car almost everything - four-stroke.

Combustible mixture

The description of the engine running on gasoline should be started from the moment when a portion of the fuel mixture arrived from the carburetor or injector. In the combustion chamber of the cylinder, a kind of cloud formed from a mixture of air with gasoline vapors. This is almost ready to combustible mixture, but it still needs to be compressed and ignited. The compression will occur under the action of the piston rising from below, and when it is at the top point, the electrical system of the car will give a spark, the mixture will ignite, a sharp increase in pressure will occur and the piston will go down. In this case, the energy of rotation will arise, which is the driving force.

The car engine can have three to sixteen pistons. Each of them performs its task and follows a strictly marked schedule, which creates timing, gas distribution mechanism of the machine. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of rotation of the crankshaft, which is ultimately transmitted to the wheels.

The operation description of the internal combustion engine is as follows:

• Suction of the fuel mixture (the piston goes down);
• Compression and ignition of the combustible mixture (the piston is at the top dead center);
• Working stroke (the piston moves down);
• Release of the spent mixture (the piston moves upwards);

The basic measures can be combined with additional concomitant short-term processes.

Description of the diesel engine

Gasoline is a universal fuel that has a number of advantages, and its quality depends on the octane number obtained during processing. But the cost of this type of fuel is quite high. Therefore, motor vehicles that use diesel fuel are widely used in automotive engineering.

The description of the diesel engine working on solar oil, it is necessary to begin with a small prehistory about how this unit was created. In 1890 the German engineer Rudolf Diesel created and patented the first motor, working on the principle of compression of the fuel mixture. At first the diesel engine was not adopted for wide use, since both the design and the efficiency of the mechanism were inferior to the steam engines. But after a while the Diesel engines began to be installed on river and sea vessels, where they proved to be quite good.

The main advantage of the new engine in comparison with the steam engine was that the coal-fired unit occupied half of the under-deck space of the steamer, and the second half was given to coal reserves. The steam engine was serviced by a whole brigade of stokers and mechanics. And the diesel engine was compact, was located together with the fuel tank only a few square meters. One mechanic was enough to operate it. Gradually, the diesel engine supplanted the steam and became popular on all ships of the sea and river class. There was a need for mass production, which was soon established by the enterprising contemporaries of Rudolf Diesel with his direct participation.

The pistons of the diesel engine have a depression on the upper working part, which contributes to the occurrence of turbulence in the combustion chamber. For the engine to work one condition is necessary - the combustible mixture must be hot. In the process of running the motor already started, the heating takes place by itself. And to start the unit even in a warm time you have to heat the system. For this purpose, special glow plugs are built in each diesel engine .

Universal TSI motor

Laureate of the "Engine of the Year" award in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The most perfect motor of the last time. The TSI engine, the description of which can take more than one page, is one of the most effective engines of our time. The principle of its operation is due to the use of technologies of double fuel injection and the presence of a compressor, which ensures the delivery of the combustible mixture under pressure.

The TSI engine is a storehouse of the latest technology, but the unit needs careful maintenance. When servicing the motor, only high-quality consumables should be used, and its operation requires timely adjustments. The most important part of the TSI engine is a compressor equipped with a special gear that boosts its speed to 17,000 per minute, which ensures maximum boost pressure.

The TSI engine, the description of which would be incomplete without mentioning this significant drawback, is very slowly warming up during the cold season. Operate the machine with a TSI engine in frosts is impossible, in the cabin for hours can stand below zero temperature. And in the warm season it is an economical low-speed motor with excellent characteristics.

Volkswagen engines

The German "people's car" since 2000 has chosen for its production models motors manufactured using TSI technology, as well as FSI. The German concern is today the only manufacturer in the world offering TSI and FSI motors as the main ones for almost all of its models. The description of the engines "Volkswagen", in particular the TSI engine, has already been done above. The characteristic is generalized, but quite informative.

The description of the FSI engine is better to start with its traction characteristics, which range from 120-140 liters. from. The motor is economical, has a high resource. FSI (Fuel Stratified Injection) means "layered fuel injection".

The main difference between the FSI engine and other power plants is the two-circuit low and high pressure system. The low pressure circuit includes a fuel tank, a filter and a fuel pump. The high pressure circuit responds directly to the fuel injection. The principle of the FSI motor is based on a strictly metered injection of fuel by a fuel pump. The dose is automatically controlled by means of a low pressure sensor. The number of revolutions depends on the amount of fuel. The accelerator pedal is not needed in principle, although it is stored in the car.

The description of the FSI Volkswagen engine can be supplemented with its data on economy and high efficiency.

Engines "Opel"

German automotive manufacturers are constantly in a state of competition among themselves. Machines of the brand "Opel" are considered reliable and convenient. The popularity of models with a "zipper" on the hood is confirmed by consistently high sales. If the buyer is going to buy an inexpensive, easy-to-maintain car, then he chooses Opel. Engines, the description of which is included in the technical documentation of the car, are classified by the name of the model. For example, the Opel Corsa is equipped with the Opel Corsa BC 1.2 16v Ecotec 3 engine. The Opel z19DTH ASTRA III 16v 150k is installed on the Astra. But, along with this, there are a number of unified power plants that can be installed regardless of the index and name.

Factory in Togliatti

The description of VAZ engines is not complicated - there are only two types. Motors for rear-wheel drive vehicles VAZ-2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106 and 2107 are four-cylinder units of approximately one power and layout. And engines for models of front-wheel drive VAZ-2108 and VAZ-2109 and their modifications.

All VAZ engines are reliable and unpretentious in operation. The adjustments for the advance of ignition and valve clearance are quite accessible to the driver himself, for this it is only necessary to know the scheme and the sequence of actions. The engines are high-speed and responsive. The resource is not too big, but overhaul with the replacement of piston rings and inserts, rods and connecting rods, is not a problem.

Description of engines "Toyota"

The motors of the well-known Japanese manufacturer are compact, four-cylinder, mainly transverse arrangement, with very high characteristics. Engines are petrol injector, they operate on the principle of direct injection. Four valves per cylinder allow the gas distribution process to be perfected.

The economy of Toyota engines is well known, and the manufacturer is also famous for the unprecedented low CO2 content of exhaust gas. Serial motors are indicated by a set of uppercase Latin letters in combination with Arabic numerals. No names are added.

The resource of Toyota engines reaches 300 thousand kilometers, and even then there is no need for major repairs, it is enough to free up the stuck piston rings and rinse the cooling system. After a small prophylaxis, the motor successfully continues its work.

Powerplant BMW

The line of engines of the German concern "Bavaria Motor Verke" is much larger than that of Japanese manufacturers. In the asset BMW - in-line four- and six-cylinder engines, V-shaped "eight" and "tens", there are also twelve-cylinder, especially powerful engines. Most BMW engines are manufactured in DOHC and SOHC format.

Brand motors repeatedly became winners in the competition "Engine of the Year", for example the brand S85B50 received 11 prizes in the period from 2005 to 2008.

The engines of "BMW", the description of which is difficult due to the huge number of modifications, can be described as super-reliable, perfectly balanced units.

Engines of the Zavolzhsky motor plant

The line of power units produced by ZMZ in the city of Zavolzhye looks rather modest. The plant produces only a few modifications of average power. But it is worth noting an impressive number of products. The engine of the brand "ZMZ-406" has already been released in a one and a half million copies. The motor is installed on the GAZ cars of the Gorky plant. Among them, "Gazelle", "Volga-3110" and "Volga-3102".

What is the 406 engine? The description is given below.

The engine is produced with an injector under the designation 406-2.10 and runs on gasoline AI-92. The carburetor version 406-1 is designed for gasoline with an octane rating of 76. Another carburetor engine, 406-3, operates on high-octane fuel, AI-95 gasoline. All motors series 406 are equipped with electronics BOSCH and two ignition coils.

Repair of internal combustion engine

The design of the motor motor involves periodic prevention of individual units or major repairs of the entire unit as a whole. The engine consists of a block of cylinders, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons with compression and oil rings, the head of the block with a gas distribution mechanism, including a camshaft with chain drive and valves.

With the wear of individual components or the entire motor, replacement of the unsuitable parts is performed. This process is called "engine repair." The description of actions for the restoration of the motor is given in the special literature, with detailed instructions. Minor repairs can be done on their own, and more complex, requiring special equipment, it is better to hold in the technical center.

When overhauling the internal combustion engine, it is first necessary to determine the degree of wear of the parts. For this we need a diagnosis. As a rule, when the oil pressure is lowered, it is necessary to replace the crankshaft core inserts and connecting rod inserts. If the crankshaft journals are worn out, they should be bored to the repair size and install the corresponding inserts. In the event that the mirror of the cylinders is worn out, new sleeves are banned into the unit or the old ones are bent under the repair size, followed by the installation of new pistons and new rings. With a little work out, it's enough to change the rings and the compression will be restored. The same can be said about the liners already mentioned. If the development of the crankshaft necks is negligible, you can only replace the liners and do not make a boring. In this case, the oil pressure is normalized, and the updated engine will be ready for operation.