A case history of pediatrics. Childhood diseases

Medicine, thanks to the accumulated experience, can solve many problems today. To correctly diagnose, you need a medical history of pediatrics. As an independent, the profession of a pediatrician is relatively young. But if you raise literature and study ancient records, you can find manuscripts of Ancient India, Egypt, Babylon, China and the Urartu state about feeding babies, properly caring for them and treating childhood diseases. Already in the 15-16 centuries books are written where you can see descriptions of childhood diseases, but they still do not have recommendations. Since the beginning of the 17th century, pediatrics has begun to stand out as a separate science. And already in the 18th century, specialized textbooks are being replicated. The high mortality of children affected the development of pediatrics. Soon specialized hospitals began to open. The whole history of the disease in pediatrics for today is not limited to even a hundred diseases.

Pediatrics and childhood illnesses

Pediatrics is a separate field of medicine that studies the developmental features of children, their diseases, the issues of caring for a newborn, a healthy and sick child. Initially, the subject of pediatrics were only childhood illnesses of the younger age and the fight against their elimination. Today, this science unites a variety of aspects that are closely related to the normal development and diseases of children from birth to puberty. Such areas include hygiene, physiology, dietetics, childhood diseases, their prevention and treatment.

The child's organism grows and develops all the time, has a number of anatomical and physiological features, emotional and physical immaturity, thereby determining the specific nature of the disease. For example, certain childhood illnesses are much easier before adulthood, such as rubella and chicken pox, but the diseases of the upper respiratory tract to babies are given hard.

Pyelonephritis in children

The diagnosis of pyelonephritis implies a nonspecific infectious and inflammatory damage to the pelvis and tubules of the nephron of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys. In childhood it is a very common renal disease. According to WHO, this diagnosis is immediately after ORZ, which is in the first place. Girls are more likely to suffer from it than boys.

Features of pyelonephritis

Renal diseases are also described in pediatrics. The history of the disease pyelonephritis suggests that the cause of the appearance of such a disease is an infection. Today there is acute pyelonephritis and its various purulent forms. This manifestation with temperature and pain can develop with scarlet fever, bronchitis, influenza, septicopyemia, chronic tonsillitis, typhoid fever, etc. The most common pathogens are intestinal sticks of various types. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Gonococcus, Proteus, Mycoplasias, Candida fungi, viruses, etc., affect the development of this disease.

Children's gastroduodenitis

This ailment in children implies a nonspecific inflammation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum. There is a chronic and acute gastroduodenitis. The history of the disease pediatrics and its diagnosis are not always accurate, as this disease can be confused with gastritis. They have similar symptoms. An acute manifestation is as follows: pain and heaviness in the upper abdomen, dry mouth and thirst, sour eructations, headaches and nausea. Chronic gastroduodenitis combines many more symptoms:

- after eating, aching in the form of bouts of pain in the abdomen;

- pain in the abdomen with pressure;

- a feeling of fullness of the stomach;

- belching;

- Heartburn;

- nausea or vomiting;

- lack of appetite;

- plaque in the language of white or yellow;

- loss of body weight;

- a bad dream;

- Fatigue;

- dizziness;

- bouts of constipation and diarrhea.

A little different from an adult childhood gastroduodenitis disease. The medical history of pediatrics is often similar. Medicine has found ways to combat this diagnosis, but its treatment takes a lot of time.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is a common in our life infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by a mixed viral-bacterial infection. Most often it is a consequence of an untreated common cold. For the most part they suffer from children with poor appetite and nutrition, rickets, a lack of vitamins or a weak physical constitution, with poor immunity.

Modern pediatrics, the history of bronchitis, tells us that the main symptoms of this disease include:

- a common cold;

- sneezing;

- cough;

- fever at the initial stage of the disease.

Usually, the cough is convulsive without or with sputum, which is coughing up a frothy, whitish or viscous consistency. In time, untreated bronchitis can develop into chronic or sometimes even asthmatic.

Acute bronchitis in children

The child's organism is more susceptible to the possibility of developing various kinds of diseases, in particular, various forms of bronchitis. This is due to anatomical and physiological characteristics, such as:

1. Deficiently formed immunity, weak counteraction of the organism to microbes.

2. Features in the anatomical structure of the bronchial tree in children, which do not allow expectoration of sputum.

3. Mucociliary clearance is not perfect. As a consequence of this feature, there is a tendency to increased congestion due to the fact that the cilia, located on the cylindrical epithelium of the mucosa, can not withdraw it.

Features of bronchitis in children

As a rule, in childhood, bronchitis takes a long time and is much heavier than in adults. For very young children, such a disease is even more dangerous. This is due to its frequent transition to the obstructive form, or a prolonged, recurrent manifestation until the age of 3-5 years, until there are significant changes in the anatomical features of the bronchi and the immune system as a whole. For a doctor to make such a diagnosis, the history of acute bronchitis should be known. Pediatrics has found a way to combat this disease.

To the peculiarities of this disease in children is the fact that initially manifested not only cough, but also signs of intoxication. During this period, the child languishes, he has a high fever, there is weakness, there is no appetite. In very serious manifestations, with the participation of bronchial obstruction, dyspnea with heavy breathing and wheezing, rattling rales is formed. Older children very rarely encounter this manifestation of the disease.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs in both children and adults is a process that occurs in the tissues of the lung, which develops either as a separate independent disease, or serves as a complication after other pathologies, such as measles, influenza, whooping cough, etc. This disease has another name - pneumonia.

As the medical history of pediatrics shows, pneumonia is considered quite a common disease. Thanks to modern methods, modern scientists have clarified the cause of acute inflammation of the lungs - it is the interaction of several types of viruses and microorganisms. The risk of getting sick with this ailment is mostly those people who have unfavorable living and living conditions, malnutrition, hypotrophy, rickets, exudative diathesis, beriberi and others. Most often in pediatrics, such a diagnosis is noted in many cases as a consequence of influenza infection, catarrh of the airways, because the number of patients with pneumonia, significantly increases during the cold weather. Colds and hypothermia create suitable conditions for increasing the number of harmful pathogens. Most often, the carrier of such infections is a patient with influenza or ARI.

In most cases, the incubation period of pneumonia lasts 2-7 days, this entire time period in the upper respiratory tracts multiply microorganisms. Usually the first sign of a dangerous pathology is the symptoms characteristic of a mild cold: a runny nose, not too high body temperature, a mild cough, redness of eyes and throat. After two days, such manifestations of the disease can pass or become less pronounced, in some cases, acute pneumonia in children develops without precursors.

The flow of pneumonia in children

The severe course of pneumonia is caused by the peculiarities of the structure of the respiratory system. In a small child, the nasopharyngeal space is not developed enough, its small size and small diameter of the holes in the nose make it impossible to fully warm and filter the air that enters the lungs during breathing. As the medical history shows, acute bronchitis in pediatrics is very difficult, as the factor for the appearance and development of pathology is also a narrow lumen of the trachea and larynx, a tender mucous membrane with a multitude of lymphatic vessels, in which the blood supply works perfectly. In addition, the lungs of children consist of a more loose structure, have more blood and are considered less aerial. In a newborn, the thorax has a cylindrical shape, since the ribs are slightly more horizontal than in adults. This physiological feature does not allow the infant to breathe deeply, because his breathing for some time remains superficial.

Prevention of childhood infectious diseases

Modern pediatrics for children on this issue gives a lot of advice, but there are basic recommendations. Since all infectious diseases appear due to ingress of pathogens into organisms and their reproduction in organs, in order to avoid infection and consequences, it is necessary to identify and isolate the source of infection, exclude the mechanisms of transmission of infection, and do everything possible to enhance the immunity of the child.