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316 rifle division of General Panfilov. The history of the division, the feat of fighters
Young people now perfectly know the popular actors and singers, prominent politicians, and people who have committed something great decades ago, not everyone is interested. But the older generation is well-known for the 316 rifle division of General Panfilov, who, at the cost of her own lives, took the capture of Moscow by the Nazis. In the military and post-war years, many newspapers wrote about the division, and all 28 Panfilovites became posthumous Heroes of the Soviet Union. It would seem that there may not be so? The exploit of these fearless people is obvious. But there were materials proving that the 316 rifle division was no worse and no better than other divisions restraining the fascists on the outskirts of Moscow. In each of them, our soldiers died heroically, about whom for some reason no one said anything, but from 28 Panfilovites not all were killed. Moreover, not all of them were heroes, some of them even became traitors. What is it - pouring mud on the exploits of Soviet soldiers or the desire to open people to the truth? In this article, based on original documents, we are reconstructing the course of events of those years, so that both young people and the older generation will learn the whole truth about the heroes.
General Panfilov
The commander of the 316 rifle division, the famous IV Panfilov, was an extraordinary man. He was born on December 20, 1992 (old style) or 01/01/93 (new), so he found both the Revolution and the First World War. In 1915 he fought in the tsarist army, but from 1918 he became a Red Army soldier, fought along with the great Chapa, and was familiar with him personally.
The birth of the 316th Infantry
After the end of the Kiev Infantry School, Panfilov found himself in Central Asia, where he fought the Basmachi. And everywhere, even in the most dangerous mountainous areas, swarming with basmachi, next to him was his dear wife and the most faithful friend Mashenka, Maria Ivanovna. Tempered in battle, brave, brave and at the same time wise warrior of the Soviet Army IV Panfilov in 1938 was appointed military commissioner of the Kirghiz Soviet Republic. And in this position he paid the lion's share of attention to young fighters, but not only to their training in drill training, but also to ordinary domestic needs, which is not common for all commanders.
At the beginning of July 1941, IV Panfilov left for Alma-Ata, where he began to form a strong combat unit, called the 316th Infantry Division. Panfilov personally selected people into it, giving preference to Komsomol activists and young communists. Creating such a large unit, whose main task was to fight the fascists, Panfilov did not forget that his fighters were primarily people, and then soldiers, so he beat out for them normal conditions of accommodation, food supplies, suitable amenities, even organized for Them musical concerts, and all women have achieved the issue of stockings and skirts instead of footcloths and trousers.
Training in military skill
The legendary 316 rifle division, which performed hundreds of exploits, was not at first a well-coordinated combat unit, since the soldiers who made it were not very versed in the art of war, many even tanks were afraid. Therefore, Ivan V. Panfilov, the main task, made the military training of his division squad, to which he was given only one month. From commanders of the mouths and battalions he demanded to teach people discipline, endurance, and at the same time, considering that the composition of the 316 rifle division included people of 34 nationalities (there were even people who did not understand Russian), pointed to a special approach to the fighters , To unite them all in a united family. The training consisted of long marches, forcing rivers, taking high-rises, digging trenches and trenches, conducting combat, erecting crossings. In order to overcome the fear of tanks in his fighters, Panfilov organized educational tractor attacks, during which the soldiers sat in trenches, waited for the tractors to pass over them, and then they were pelted with training grenades.
Baptism of fire
The oath of the soldiers of the 316th Infantry Division was taken on 30 July, and on August 18 they arrived near Novgorod and joined the 52nd Army. Not being on the front line, the division's soldiers carried out a number of reconnaissance operations. Especially distinguished Lieutenant Korolev with his platoon, seized the "language", a machine gun and destroyed several Germans. This was their first military outing, which ended with a strong upset of the fighters success.
But large-scale military operations near Leningrad, the 316th Infantry Division did not conduct, and in the early autumn was sent to the Moscow direction, to the Rokossovsky 16th Army. Panfilov's 316 rifle division was to block the way to the fascists at Volokolamsk and took up defense on the 50-kilometer stretch of the front. Here the artillery 857th regiment of Kurganov entered the structure of the division, but Panfilov still lacked anti-tank military equipment, although anti-aircraft installations and our glorious Katyushas went into action.
Panfilov's military tactics
Panfilov, a favorite of both commanders and general's soldiers, made a lot of personal attention to the 316th Infantry Division, because he understood the complexity of the task well. To increase the chance of victory, he used his developed tactics of combat, convincing the personnel that the offensive, even in the most unpredictable situations, is preferable to defense. Later this method will save the lives of hundreds of fighters, in fact confirming the main law of his Bati, who has repeatedly told fighters that he does not want their death, wants them to survive.
Here is just one of many glorious examples where Lieutenant Krayev distinguished himself. His company took the high-rise, but was taken in a tight ring by the tanks and the infantry of the enemy. Kraev, being doomed to perish, suddenly went on the offensive and not only broke through the ring, but also destroyed 3 tanks and a large number of fascists, and himself with the company broke out of the encirclement. Later one of the Germans wrote that it was very difficult to defeat the fighters of the "wild" 316th Division, since they always acted suddenly, not obeying any rules of warfare.
Fights near Volokolamsk
Many innovations were introduced by the commander of the 316th Infantry Division. One of the techniques was even dubbed Panfilov's "loop" and started to be used on other sectors of the front. However, despite all the efforts, in the 316th there were also defeats. So, on October 15, the Germans launched a powerful attack, throwing a large number of tanks on Panfilov's division. Only on the left flank, where the 1075th regiment fought bravely, there were more than 150 of them. The fighting was incredibly heavy, but the 316 rifle division escaped encirclement, destroying the plans of the fascists, as Panfilov managed to help his 1075th large number of anti-tank artillery in time.
After 4 days the Germans got closer to Moscow and occupied separate villages. In these battles, the highest heroism was shown by Captain Lysenko, who kept the defense of the village of Ostashevo, Captain Molchanov, with his fighters, who shot down 6 tanks. But the Germans were eager for Moscow, regardless of their losses. Already on October 25 they threw about 120 tanks on Panfilov's division. To save his soldiers, Panfilov ordered to retreat and surrender Volokolamsk. From the tribunal for this act, he was rescued by Rokossovsky, and the same from the execution - Zhukov.
Fight for Moscow
Inspired by the success of the fascists continued to attack. It was November 16, the day of the most difficult (according to Zhukov) battle for Moscow and the day when 28 combatants of the 316 rifle division performed their unparalleled feat. The Germans went all-in, the Wehrmacht threw two such divisions into the Volokolamsk direction. The infantry division helped them. According to the reminiscences of the surviving fighters, tanks marched on them, on which the infantry sat and led an incessant fire. Our fighters even did not raise their heads to look where to throw grenades. At the same time, planes were bombed from above. All this avalanche of death was confronted by one 316th Panfilov Infantry Division.
With the dawn, a powerful attack began at Dubosekovo, where the 1075th Infantry Regiment is located. They were commanded by Ilya Vasilyevich Kaprov. At the same time, the 6th company defended Shiryaevo, 4th - directly Dubosekovo, the 6th - the section between Petelino and the height of 251. On the 4th company, the enemy threw about 60 tanks, and ours had only 1 anti-tank gun and 2 platoon of PTR !!
The battle lasted 4 hours. During this time the Panfilovites killed 18 enemy tanks and destroyed several hundred soldiers. The official version is as follows: all 28 company fighters were killed, but the enemy was stopped. Also died political instructor, thirty-year-old Vasily Klochkov, who owns the famous phrase that Russia is great, but nowhere to retreat, since behind Moscow.
The death of Panfilov
For the great feat of 316 Panfilov's infantry division on November 17 became the Eighth Guards Rifle Division. In addition, she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Panfilov was very happy about this, as he had long dreamed that his division would become a guards division. November 18, he met with his daughter Valentina, a nurse in his own division. During the meeting, Ivan Vasilyevich was summoned to the headquarters, who was in the village of Gusenevo, to talk with the Moscow correspondents. The conversation was going on in the dug-out and was interrupted by a report about a new tank attack by the fascists. Panfilov hurried to the streets, to his men, and jumped out of the dug-out. At that moment a shell exploded nearby. In the eyes of astonished people, the general began to settle. According to the diabolical coincidence, a tiny fragment hit him right in the temple. A glorious hero was buried in Moscow, at the Novodevichy Cemetery, and his divisions were named Panfilovskaya.
Trophies and losses
During the most difficult military operation of World War II, which was November 16-19, not only the most beloved commander of the 316 rifle division, who defended Moscow, perished. The homeland lost thousands of its heroes in these battles. Thus, at the beginning of the formation, the 316th division consisted of 11 347 fighters, and by November 16 there were about 7000 of them. In particular, in the 1075th regiment was 1534, in 1073 - 1666, and in 1077 - 2078 soldiers And commanders. After the fateful battle in the 1075th regiment, there were 120 people left, including the wounded, in 1073 - 200, and in the largest regiment, 1077-m, - only about 700 fighters. The losses, of course, are terrible. In the famous 4th company, only 20 of the 140 survived. In total, in the infernal boiler of Dubosekovo-Kryukovo, the Panfilovites "brewed" for two months. During this time, they destroyed 9,000 fascist soldiers, about 100 tanks, defeated 4 German divisions - 1 tank, 1 motorized and 2 infantry divisions.
Epilogue to the feat
Materials show that on November 16, several thousand of our glorious fighters who defended Moscow were killed. Why is the feat of 28 fighters of the 316th Infantry Division known to the whole world only? This happened with the filing of employees of the newspaper "Red Star" Otenberg, Krivitsky, Koroteeva. Krivitsky admitted that he invented his essay under the pressure of circumstances. The surviving commander of the 1075th IV Kaprov, who was fighting after the battle, officially declared that he had not met with journalists personally and had not received any information and that not that 28 but more than 100 Panfilovites had perished in that famous battle. All of them fought like devils, defending every inch of their native land, but there was no heroic deed. All the names (what they remembered) of their fighters who became famous panfilovtsy, Krivitsky was dictated by the captain of that same 4th company, Gundilovich, and it happened 2 months after the battle, and Klochkov's phrase Krivitsky composed himself.
Fatal and Annoying Mistakes
Undoubtedly, the 316 rifle division fought not just heroically, but on the brink of human capabilities, only not glorified 28 people, but all to one. But thanks to the unfairness of those who personally did not risk their lives, the feat of all fighters was reduced to the heroism of a small group of people. So, Krivitsky lied that he had heard about the fight in the hospital from one of the 28 Panfilovites, Natarov, who soon died. But he could not do it, because at the time of the famous battle was already dead 2 days. Among the dead and awarded posthumously Panfilovites there is also Daniel Kuzhebergenov (Kozhabergenov), who during the battle was in captivity with the Germans. Subsequently, he fled into the forest, wandered there until it was found by the horsemen of the Soviet General Dovator. The title and award were already written out by that time, therefore in documents his name and surname were urgently replaced by Askar Kuzhebergenov, who was awarded it. But this fighter also did not participate in the famous battle, since he arrived in the 316th division only in January 1942.
The following errors are happy. So, the Panfilovites Pavel Gundilovich (commander), Illarion Vasiliev, Dmitri Timofeev, Grigory Shemyakin, Ivan Shadrin were posthumously awarded. All of them survived after the battle and received their awards, being in good health. Gundilovich, unfortunately, died in April 1942, the rest managed to survive the war.
A hero or a traitor?
The most egregious fact, obscuring the glory of the 316th Infantry Division, is an episode with Ivan Evstafievich Dobrobapin, a former squad leader. Gundilovich, when he called his name, did not know that Dobrobabin was taken prisoner and went to serve as a police officer and even became a police chief, so zealously fulfilled his duties, although he was considered a Hero of the Soviet Union, like the others posthumously. When he was arrested, the decree on conferring him the title was canceled, and the traitor was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Later Dobrobbin petitioned for the removal of his shameful stigma, but he was refused all the time. Rehabilitated it only in 1993, after the proclamation of Ukraine's independence.
Other Panfilovites
Not only the 4th company of the 316th Infantry Division distinguished itself on November 16. For example, 120 soldiers of the 1st company defended the village of Matrenino. Lieutenant Filimonov commanded them. They destroyed several tanks and 300 fascists. Of the 6th company that stood near Petelino, after the attack only 15 people survived. This handful held for several hours defense, blew up 5 tanks, but all 15 fighters were killed. Under the command of the young lieutenant Kraev, the 2nd company held a skyscraper of 231.5 and did not have anti-tank shells and weapons at all, but somehow managed to undermine three tanks, destroy 200 Nazis, take a trophy of 3 machine guns and 1 car. Near the village of Yadrovo, 20 of our fighters, commanded by the lieutenants Islamkulov and Ogureyev, defeated a battalion of fascist submachine gunners.
Feats were committed on other days. On November 17, 17 soldiers of the 1073rd Regiment stood to death near the village of Mykanino. Fifteen fighters died, but 8 out of 25 tank tanks were destroyed. On November 18, 11 fighters of the 1077th Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Firstov, near the village of Strokovo, several hours (until the last living person), repulsed the attacks of a whole battalion of fascists and tanks. It is a pity that so little is known about the exploits of these heroes.
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