What kind of hormones does the pancreas produce?

The pancreas is formed by two sections: exocrine, occupying 98% of the gland and pancreatic - in the form of small impregnations throughout its surface.

The endocrine department is responsible for the secretion of gastric juice and control of the processes occurring in the duodenum, and also saturates the digestive fluids with enzymes.

The endocrine part is responsible for the production of hormones.

Hormonal function

The pancreas produces two hormones - glucagon and insulin. Alpha cells are involved in the production of glucagon, and beta cells are involved in the production of insulin. In addition to these two types of cells, the gland also contains delta cells that produce somatostatin.

What hormones are produced by the pancreas

Human insulin is divided into two types: stimulated and basal.

The basal type differs in that it enters the bloodstream if there is no need. An example of such a selection may be the production of insulin, when food does not enter the body, that is, on an empty stomach.

Norms of glucose in the blood - no more than 5.5 mmol / l, while the level of insulin should be 69 mmol / l.

Stimulated type is caused by the promises that arise when food is consumed and the amino acids and glucose enter the blood. The secretory function of these hormones is attributed to the stimulatory effect of drugs containing sulfonylureas.

Stimulation of insulin occurs in two stages:

• Short is the release of the hormone into the bloodstream.
• Slow is the synthesis of a hormone.

In addition to them, various accompanying substances involved in digestion processes are also produced here. This list reflects which enzymes the pancreas produces:

• Substances affecting proteins are trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, elastase, ribonuclease.
• Substances that can digest carbohydrates: amylase, invertase, maltose, lactose.
• Substances that can break down fats. This is cholinesterase and lipase.

In the event that the pancreas does not produce enzymes, or if their insufficiency is present, there is fermentopathy associated with the concomitant disease.

The role of hormones

The role of the pancreas in the production of insulin and glucagon is to regulate the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as the effect on the redistribution of glucose from the blood plasma in the tissue.

Its main function is the synthesis of lipocaine, which carries the task of blocking and degeneration of liver cells.

In the case of a critical shortage, when the pancreas produces an insufficient number of such compounds, hormonal failure begins in the functioning of the body, which is caused by not only acquired, but also congenital malformations.

When the pancreas produces an insulin hormone in insufficient quantity, a disease arises - diabetes mellitus. With an extreme excess of insulin, the glucagon content increases and the sugar concentration in the blood cells decreases, which, in turn, increases the amount of adrenaline. Then there is hypoglycemia - this is a decrease in the ability of the liver cells to process glucose.

Absence or extreme lack of somatostatin leads to the appearance of disturbances in various processes of the organism's activity with a violation of the balance of metabolic processes.

How insulin is made

On what hormones the pancreas produces, the realization of fat metabolism in the entire body is constructed.

Even before the formation of insulin, during the synthesis of it in beta cells, substance is released proinsulin. By itself, it is not a hormone. The process of its transformation takes place under the influence of the Golgi complex, as well as the presence of special enzymatic compounds. After the process of its degeneration in the structure of cells, it will turn into insulin. Then it is re-absorbed back, where it is granulated and sent to storage, from which it will be removed in case of acute necessity when signals are given by the body.

This system works when the blood sugar level increases, when the cells release the stored insulin to neutralize it and correct it into glycogen, increasing its concentration in the liver cells in the muscle tissue, being the energy supplier for the whole organism. Thanks to the effect of insulin, the level of sugar in the blood plasma can quickly be restored to normal.

When high blood levels are detected in the blood, this should be regarded as a signal that the body does not resist the increased release of this hormone, which is associated with the inability of the receptors responsible for carbohydrate metabolism to recognize and eliminate such a danger. As a result, a disease called diabetes begins to develop . The consequence of it is that carbohydrates entering the body are not processed and not digested, and that's why blood tests show a high sugar content in the blood.

Signs of the emergence of such diseases without giving tests are increased thirst, which is due to the ability of glucose to absorb moisture. So, not neutralized in the blood, it causes dehydration of the body.

What determines the secretion of insulin

The pancreas produces enzymes and hormones, quite subtly feeling the slightest changes in the sugar content in the blood. Due to this, it signals the body to start the formation of an increased amount of insulin or the need to reduce it and send it to the reserve.

When diabetes occurs, the islets of the endocrine gland undergo changes and disturbances in the functions performed. In this regard, for diabetics there is a list of products that are contraindicated for consumption precisely due to the high sugar content, with which the body is not able to cope. It's pastries and sweets, honey, carbohydrate foods, and sugar in its pure form. An excess of sugar in the blood leads to an extreme depletion of the beta cells responsible for the synthesis of insulin, and can lead to their absolute death.

Glucagon

The pancreas produces glucagon in alpha cells. The mucous membranes of the intestine produce the hormone interraglucon, which is also an adrenaline synergist. This pancreatic hormone is responsible for controlling the course of lipolysis and its rate, and also has a direct effect on glycogenolysis in the liver.

The main most important function of the pancreas in the human body is the secretion of various hormones that promote the digestion of food and its assimilation.