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What is fetal induction? Research in the field of experimental embryology
Embryonic induction is the process of interaction between parts of the embryo, in which one site influences the fate of the other. This concept refers to experimental embryology.
The article is devoted to one of the most important and complex issues of this science: "What does fetal induction mean?"
A bit of history
The phenomenon of embryonic induction was discovered in 1901 by such German scientists as Hans Spemann and Hilda Mangold. This process was first studied using the lens as an example for amphibians in an embryonic state. History has preserved many examples and experiments on this topic, which are based on Spemann's theory.
Hypothesis
As stated earlier, embryonic induction is the process of interaction of parts of the embryo. So, according to the hypothesis, there are a number of cells that act on other cells as organizers, provoking changes in development. In order to more clearly illustrate this process, scientists in the 20s of last century conducted a series of experiments, which we will discuss in more detail later.
The experiment of Hans Spemann
As a result of his experiments, Dr. Shpeman revealed the regularity that development occurs in the strict dependence of some organs on others. The experiment was conducted on newts. Spemann transplanted from the back of one embryo into the abdominal cavity of another area of the blastopore's lip. As a result, in the place where the organ was transplanted, the formation of a new embryo began. Normally, the nerve tube is never formed on the abdominal cavity.
Based on experience, the doctor concluded that there are organizers that influence the further development of the body. However, the organizers can give a start only if the cells have competence. What does it mean? The competence means the ability of the embryonic material to change its presumptive fate under the influence of various influences. When studying inductive interactions in different species of chordates, scientists came to the conclusion that in the areas and terms of competence of different organisms there are many individual features. That is, the organizers act if the cell is capable of taking an inductor, but in all organisms this or that process takes place in different ways.
Let's draw a conclusion: the development of the organism is a chain process, without the formation of another one, it is impossible. Embryonic induction gradually determines the form and differentiation of organs. Also, this process is the basis for the emergence of the external appearance of the developing individual.
Research by Hilda Mangold
Hans Spemann had a graduate student - Hilda Mangold. Possessing amazing dexterity, she managed to conduct a series of complex experiments with microscopic triton embryos (1.5 mm in diameter). Separating a small piece of tissue from one embryo, she transplanted it to another kind of embryo. And for the transplant, she chose the parts of the embryo, where the cells were formed, from which the embryonic sheets would subsequently form . The embryo, with a piece of another embryo transplanted to it, successfully continued to develop. A grafted piece of tissue gave rise to a new body, endowed with back, spine, abdomen and head.
What significance did the experiments have? In the course of them, Mangold proved that there is an embryonic induction. This is possible, because a small area has these unique properties, it was called the organizer.
Types of Induction
There are two types: heteronomous induction and homogeneous induction. What is it and what is the difference? The first kind is a process in which the transplanted cell is forced to rebuild to a common rhythm, that is, it engenders a new organ. The second provokes a change in the surrounding cells. It encourages the material to develop in the same direction.
Basic cellular processes
For greater clarity, the following table is provided. We suggest using her example to study the basic cellular processes of embryonic induction.
| Forms of cellular interactions | Formation of normal structures | Consequences of violations |
| Displacement | The formation of the neural tube when moving the primary sexual cells | Disorders in the formation of the neural tube, a structure disorder |
| Selective multiplication | Organ rudiments | Absence of organs |
| Selective death | Separation of fingers, death of epithelial cells during fusion of palatine buds, nasal processes, etc. | Cleft palate, cleft lip, face, spinal cord hernia |
| adhesion | The formation of the neural tube from the neural plate, etc. | Disorders in the formation of the neural tube, a structure disorder |
| Condensation | Limb formation | Lack of limbs or the presence of additional |
The manifestation of this phenomenon was found at various stages of the development of the organism. At present, embryonic induction is being actively studied.
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