What does our speech consist of? Words, phrases, sentences, styles and culture of speech

Primitive people themselves had to invent words to denote this or that object. So there was a speech that allowed a man to escape from the world of loneliness and ignorance. Later, writing was created, and humanity was given the opportunity to pass on its knowledge. Since the creation of the first word a lot of time has passed. To answer the question of what our speech consists of, we need to list many components.

Introduction

The main component of the language is the word. Proposals are built from words, with the help of which one can conduct a conversation and write essays. There are two types of speech - oral and written. Each of them has its own means of expression. As a person grows up, his speech "grows", that is, everyone learns more new words in the learning process, which allows him to make his speech brighter and more saturated.

At a time when writing was not yet invented, people composed beautiful legends, stories, stories, songs and retold them to each other. Thus, even today the cultural heritage is preserved, which is commonly called oral folk art. Then in educational institutions children were taught to write only what is important in everyday life. And since it has passed a lot of time and it is already difficult to briefly describe what our speech consists of, but its main principles and components remain the same.

Word

One of the components of speech is the word. This is the smallest lexical unit denoting a particular object or action. Words can be used alone or in a language lexical bundle. Simply put, words form sentences. This is one of the most important elements of speech, which has a number of properties:

• The word has the main stress.
• It carries a certain meaning.
• In the form of a lexical meaning, it expresses reality.
• It is an independent unit that a person reproduces, and does not invent independently.
• Freely disposed in the sentence and can be used as a separate utterance.
• It consists of morphemes (the smallest units of language that are not torn by any elements).
• Have a fully-formed structure.
• Combined with each other established grammatical laws.
• They pass certain knowledge and exist in a material form.

Sentence

A person can operate with different words in a spoken text, but if you use them separately, without any thematic bundle, then no one will be able to fully convey the necessary information. For example, you can say: "Wednesday, sea, train, family." It will be just a set of words that denote different segments of human life. But if we tie them together, adding a few prepositions and a verb, we get: "On Wednesday the family went by train to the sea." That is, a full-fledged information message will be obtained. Such messages are called sentences, linguistic units, which are a grammatically organized combination of words.

Phrase and simple sentence

Proposals are simple and complex. Before you start their characteristics, you need to pay attention to such a concept as the phrase. This is the connection of several grammatically connected words that are constituents of the sentence.

However, the phrases are not:

• Subject and predicate.
• Homogeneous sentence terms.
• Phraseological units.

Frequently the word combinations are confused with simple sentences. Simple sentences differ from complex ones by the presence of only one grammatical basis (subject and predicate). Complex sentences have several grammatical bases. Simply put, complex sentences consist of a few simple ones. Actually, this is all that our speech consists of, in terms of structure.

Style

Speech consists of sentences. But that is not all. Depending on the context, proposals change their sound and the way information is transmitted. Thus, the same sentences can be reproduced in different ways. Such methods are called speech styles. Simply put, these are the speech tools that arose in the process of development. Are applied in different spheres of communication. The main styles of speech are:

• Scientific style - used to send messages of scientific content. Authors of this style are scientists or specialists in a certain field.
• Officially - business til - is used in business communication, in an official setting. Through this style make out the documents. The style is also characterized by speech cliches.
• Publicistic style - found in the media (articles, reports, essays, interviews, etc.). The style is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, emotionality of reproduction.
• Conversational style - serves to exchange information in an informal setting. Speech is lively and expressive.
• Artistic style - found in fiction. Its main feature is to express simple things through a variety of linguistic means.

We can say that words and styles of speech constitute the basic apparatus of communication. But for a full-fledged information exchange of messages it is necessary to know about the rules and culture of speech. And it would be nice to mention the means of speech as the main element, which makes the communication colorful.

Expression of language

Under the means of linguistic expressiveness they mean those instruments that make a speech, whether it is a conversation or a written work, bright, colorful, lexical and emotionally expressive. Such instruments are stylistic figures and paths.

Paths are spoken speech, which allows you to use words and phrases in a figurative sense. They are formed by combining two or more phenomena that are at least close in something, and another can be described as a sign of one phenomenon, creating a more vivid idea about it. Thus, new phrases with different meanings appear in the speech. For example, the poet said "the lonely sail is white", instead of "the ship is floating".

Trails are simple and complex. To simple carry:

• Comparison - the comparison of objects or phenomena, is expressed through the use of unions "how", "like", etc.
• Epithet - definitions that give greater imagery and emotionality.

There are more difficult paths:

• Metaphor - the replacement of one word by another, similar in properties ("dead silence").
• Metonymy - the names vary in contiguity.
• Synecdoche - use part of the subject as a name and vice versa.
• Allegory is a way to express certain concepts with artistic images, for example scales personify justice.
• Irony is a mockery. The word is used in such a way that it acquires the opposite meaning.
• Hyperball is a poetic exaggeration.
• Litota is a strong understatement.
• Perifraz - the replacement of words or phrases to avoid repetition.

As for stylistic figures, these are fixed in the style of word rotation.

A culture of speech

In the colloquial text is not so often used means of linguistic expressiveness, however here it does not do without rules. By the way a person communicates, you can determine his character. Speech is capable of alienating the interlocutor or attracting his sympathy. In addition to a beautiful syllable, a person should be able to listen and not interrupt his interlocutor.

Etiquette associated with speech is much more complicated than it may seem. The basic rules of speech are as follows:

• Brevity - it is better not to confuse the interlocutor with an excess of words that do not carry useful information.
• Purpose - before you start a conversation, you need to determine for what purpose this is done.
• Variety - one and the same story can be told to different people, but individual approach must be taken into account.
• You can not respond rudeness to rudeness.
• It is better to maintain their speech habits, the person adopting the manner of conversation, loses his "I".

Conclusion

The article answers the question: "What does our speech consist of?" The main components of communication are words and sentences, through which people exchange information messages. In addition, speech, be it written or oral, should be rich, bright. That's why special speech means are used, giving emotional information to the dry information background. And the third component of speech is its culture. True, this is a purely subjective factor that has an individual manifestation.