Waste 1-4 hazard class: accommodation and disposal

Wastes 1 to 4 of the hazard class for protection of both the environment and humans and animals must be properly stored and disposed of. All products that have a negative impact on the ecosystem are divided into 5 classes, but the first four are the most dangerous, since the fifth includes substances that can be recycled for a second time.

Grade 5

This class has the lowest degree of danger. Most often it is a question of large-scale household garbage: old furniture and things, plastic or glass products, paper and food waste.

4th grade

Wastes 1-4 of the hazard class are classified according to the degree of harmful effect. The 4th class includes products that represent a small danger to the environment. It is possible to restore damage from such harm for three years. In addition to large-scale household garbage, this group includes construction waste: brick remains, gravel, metals, broken glass, unnecessary wood.

This class includes oil-containing products, which appear due to the construction of wells, development of deposits. Disposal of waste of hazard class 4, in particular those in which there are petroleum products, must be carried out in accordance with regulatory legal acts.

Grade 3

This hazard class is assigned to those products and materials that cause damage to the environment. Restoration lasts for about 10 years. To this class it is customary to include construction debris, waste products in the form of out-of-service equipment, rubber stingrays, oils of different purposes, acids and alkalis. The source of pollution in this case are construction sites, including unfinished construction sites, industrial enterprises.

Grade 2

Hazardous waste of 1 - 4 classes are disposed of for a rather long time - at least three years. A high degree of danger is assigned to goods, products that belong to the second class. These wastes can shake the equilibrium of the ecosystem, and the restoration of contaminated areas will take at least 30 years. This class includes harmful products of production, equipment that went out of their system, chemical compounds - oils, alkalis, acids. The source of pollution are industrial enterprises. The second class of danger includes battery batteries, which cause irreparable harm to the environment due to acid and lead poisoning. Collection of waste, according to the rules, must be carried out in a specially designated container.

1 class

These are extremely dangerous harmful substances, the presence of which in nature can lead to sad consequences and destruction, which is almost impossible to restore. This group includes industrial waste. Galvanic elements, thermometers, lamps on a mercury or luminescent basis, various instruments - all this is a waste of 1 class of danger. The list includes in the first place mercury-containing elements, because this liquid metal very quickly falls into the environment and causes irreparable damage to the ecosystem.

Legislation requirements suggest that first class wastes should be collected separately from other products in special containers. As a rule, it is created from galvanized metal, as this garbage can not be recycled. Disposal of waste of 1 hazard class, especially mercury-containing and radioactive substances and pesticides, is carried out only with the use of special equipment. The process itself is carried out by different methods: cementing, microwave energy or conservation at special ranges. And traditional methods in the form of combustion, for example, will only further pollute the environment.

How to reduce risk factors?

As we have already said, waste 1 - 4 hazard classes can cause irreparable damage to the environment. To prevent this from happening, a special management system has been created, which allows the maximum processing of garbage and further use it. In most countries, and in Russia in particular, laws have been passed, according to which waste should be subjected to:

• Recycling;
• Processing;
• Secondary use.

Methods of utilization: incineration

Disposal of waste 1 - 4 class is most often performed by means of storage or incineration. The first method is an ordinary landfill, however, to minimize the damage to nature, it is organized on clay soil, which is strengthened by various geosynthetic materials. Their task is to prevent the percolation of harmful substances into the environment.

Incineration of waste is an opportunity to reduce their quantity in landfills, but this process is dangerous because of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. If it is required to minimize damage to nature, the products are destroyed at incineration plants that are equipped with multi-stage air purification systems.

Wastes of 1 to 4 hazard classes that can not be recycled and used in the future, which can not be burned, should be buried. When reservoirs are created, reservoirs of geological formations-granite, basalt, and gypsum-are used, but in this case one should remember some conditions.

1. The layers must be watertight, and beneath them an aquifer must be located.
2. Obligatory is the absence of deformation, which can be caused by a shift under the influence of various factors.

If underground waste disposal is used, this is done with the use of special containers.

Disposal of Explosive Products

Disposal of hazardous waste is a serious measure. For example, it is expedient to store explosive substances in special underground reservoirs, to which high requirements are imposed.

1. Waste is placed in containers that can withstand different loads - mechanical shocks, currents.
2. Placement of substances is expedient far away from power lines.
3. It is mandatory to observe low storage and phlegmatization temperatures to protect waste from chemical interactions with the rest of the components.

Or is it secondary use?

Recycling of waste is complicated only by the need for sorting and separate collection. But this is the most rational solution to the problem. Many wastes of 1 - 3 hazard class are quite suitable for reuse. We are talking about plastics, batteries, cellulose in all its forms. Of course, this process requires large financial investments, which are not stalled in European countries, but in Russia this method is not used as often, since not every company can find funds for the disposal of production waste.

How to deal with toxins?

Hazardous waste 1 - 4 classes, which have toxins in their composition, are often rendered harmless by thermal methods. There are many of them.

• Liquid-phase oxidation is used to neutralize wastes in the liquid phase and precipitates that are present in the waste water. The method assumes work at a certain temperature and pressure, is characterized by low energy costs, but during the process scale is formed on the heating surface, and this is the main disadvantage.
• Heterogeneous catalysis. It is used when it is necessary to neutralize industrial waste in the gaseous or liquid phase.
• Pyrolysis, which is oxidizing or dry. Oxidative pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of harmful industrial products when they are either partially burned or are contacted with products as a result of fuel combustion. The method is ideal for slurries, plastics, oils, black oil impurities. In dry pyrolysis, the products are decomposed thermally, but without access to oxygen. Due to high efficiency and waste-free technology, the technology has a wide demand.
• Gasification is another way of recycling waste. The advantages of this method are that the combustible gases formed in the process can be used as fuel and the resins as chemical raw materials.
• Low-temperature plasma. This technology is advisable to use when it is necessary to recycle toxic waste.

Chemical wastes

Harmful are chemical wastes of hazard class 1, the list of which includes magnesium sulfates, zinc compounds, phosphates. As a rule, these wastes are formed as a result of the flotation method of mineral enrichment with the use of amines. If such dust gets into the body, there may be problems with bronchial tubes and blood vessels.

The most harmful are wastes containing mercury and its compounds, mercuric chloride, antimony, potassium cyanide. If a person suddenly becomes poisoned by these substances, the entire nervous system will be affected, the kidneys may fail, as a consequence - a fatal outcome. That is why the disposal of waste (4 hazard classes including) is a responsible process.

Why do I need a passport?

For waste of any hazard class, it is necessary to develop a passport, which is based on a number of documents. If such a passport does not exist, the enterprise faces a considerable fine, in addition, its activities can be suspended. The fact is that the absence of this document is regarded as a violation of environmental safety of the environment. Drawing up the passport involves a number of stages - from the inventory of the company's economic activities to research by special laboratories and calculation of the hazard class of the waste.

conclusions

Utilization of waste is a matter that worries scientists around the world for more than one generation. Difficulties are that a unified approach to the processing of industrial products has not been developed, and it is far from in every country that industrial waste can be reused. Of course, new devices, methods and equipment are emerging that allow at least a little improvement in the state of the modern ecosystem, but the lack of funds for the implementation of such projects poses a threat to humanity.