Types of banking operations. Settlement and cash services. Operations of banks with securities

Before you learn about what types of banking operations exist, you need to understand some of the most important definitions. For example, what is the institution considered? In modern economic terminology, the bank acts as a financial and credit subdivision that performs all kinds of operations with both money and securities. In addition, he is authorized to provide all kinds of services to various individuals and legal entities, and, of course, to the government. It is possible to present this structure as a commercial organization created to attract profits, carrying out certain banking operations and endowed with exclusive rights to attract money from third parties, and then placing them on its own behalf.

Main classification

In the modern world almost every concept has a certain typology. So, it is possible to distinguish some basic banking operations. There are only three of them:

• Attraction of foreign currency deposits;
• Credit operations;
• Attraction of new clients.

Let's consider each more in detail. So, the first type is aimed at attracting monetary funds when the conditions are accepted for execution immediately after the conclusion of the contract between the organizations. In turn, lending operations differ in that the funds previously involved are distributed by the bank on its own behalf and replenished in accordance with the contract, which specifies the terms and conditions for return. The third type is especially important, because, like any other organization, the financial structure under consideration needs continuous development. Maintaining existing ties and constantly attracting new clients should be ensured by creating favorable and favorable conditions for cooperation.

Additional varieties

Among other things, all banking transactions and transactions can be divided into active and passive. Among the first traditionally include loans. This is the main activity by which the above structure receives income. Bank loan products usually bring in profits from interest that customers pay monthly for the services they provide. However, it is important to remember that the amount of the interest rate charged for the performance of active transactions should exceed the size for passive operations. All other services provided by the banking structure can be safely attributed to the number of settlement services, which, in turn, also have a division into several basic types.

So, settlement operations include the following varieties: investment and cash activities, as well as savings and deposits. It should also be noted that the latter occupy a particularly important role in the sphere of banking services. This is the main type of passive operations. The main goal of any kind of deposits is to gradually increase the amount of money held by the bank. Settlement operations of this type extend to the accounts of not only large state institutions, but also relatively small private organizations, as well as individual individuals who have expressed the desire to entrust their savings to a particular bank.

Banking operations: development

Over time, the activities of the structures under review have been constantly and continuously complicated and have been subjected to universalization, after which the services provided have become increasingly diverse. Expanded the types of banking operations, the organization of work has changed. The emergence of new types of activity was due to the achievement of a significant amount of profit, accompanied by minimized risks. The described actions have a beneficial effect on the further formation of off-balance sheet transactions, which can not be unequivocally attributed to either passive or active income. Therefore, the types of banking transactions presented are not recorded in the balance sheet, and the commission received from them is not subject to taxation.

Off-balance sheet activity is known for a long time, but recently it is especially in demand. Two of its varieties are actively gaining popularity: stock and financial services. Traditionally, they include management of shares, advisory activity, and planning of both tax and budget functions. We should also pay attention to the so-called guarantee business. It also refers to the number of off-balance transactions. A distinctive feature is that the bank in this case acts not only as an intermediary, but also as a direct participant in any transaction. The above services have a huge impact on the overall development of the financial activities of the structure in question, since they allow us to expand the scope of application.

Securities

This term implies a document that certifies the property rights associated with it, and also has the ability to independently handle the market and can act as a full object of any transactions (for example, purchase and sale). It is important to remember that securities are sources of obtaining a one-time or permanent income and can be classified as a kind of money-capital. Consequently, acts of transfer of such documents are made after entry into a special register. In addition, the change of ownership means the transition of all the rights indicated in them.

Securities are often used to organize the activities and successful functioning of various commercial entities. Distinguish credit (bills, bonds) and payment means (checks). All these documents are designed to ensure a simple and rapid transfer of rights to both material and other benefits. Thus, all operations of banks with securities are divided into two main categories:

• Issue of own documents of this kind;
• Actions with the materials of clients.

After receiving a special license, the above-described structures have the right to trust management of issued documents in accordance with the concluded agreement more often with legal entities, but sometimes with individuals. In addition, it becomes possible to conduct the following operations of banks with securities: issue, sale, purchase, storage and accounting of the above materials, which are used as payment documents. This contributes to attracting cash assignments to accounts and deposits.

Various credit institutions have the ability to carry out the following types of financial activities: dealer, brokerage, depository, as well as securities management, keeping the register of their owners and, of course, determining mutual obligations between the cooperating parties. Let's consider each of the above-described types of operations in more detail. Thus, the first category implies that the commercial bank commits transactions of the type of sale and purchase at its own expense and on its own behalf. A characteristic feature is the fact that only a legal entity can act as a dealer. The second category of activity is determined by the conclusion of transactions in which the commercial bank is only an attorney or commission agent, and all its actions are conditioned by the relevant contract. In turn, the depository activity is expressed in the performance of services, consisting in the storage of certificates and the recording of rights. Again, this feature is only available to legal entities. In addition, it is important to note that the conclusion of the so-called depositary contract is not the basis for the transfer of property rights.

All operations of commercial banks with bills related to the category of management are aimed at the commission of trust management of securities. In this case, the actions should be performed on behalf of this structure for the previously agreed remuneration during the entire term of the contract in the interests of the person who concluded such an agreement with the bank. It should be noted that the transfer of ownership is subject not only to securities themselves, but also funds that will subsequently be invested in them, as well as materials obtained as a result of management. Finally, we note that the activities of a clearing character determine the mutual obligations of the parties. This can be fees, adjustments and reconciliations of information regarding transactions relating to securities and the subsequent preparation of various accounting documents.

Direct customer service

Settlement and cash services - another important function of banking structures, which involves working with both physical and legal entities. Its main task is to present a whole range of services to the clients who have applied to them. It can include both storage and transfer, as well as registration of financial assets. Thus, settlement and cash services can be conditionally divided into several main categories: non-cash, cash and foreign exchange operations, as well as acquiring. For effective financial management, banking structures provide developed packages of services. From them, you can choose the one that most fully meets the requirements and expectations of the client.

Non-cash transactions

The above calculations are traditionally characterized by the effective execution of all orders, the systematic notification of the receipt or use of available funds, the preparation and provision of both intermediate and final results for all ongoing processes. Control over the order of conducting cash transactions of this kind is carried out by both the bank and the client that appealed to it. The transmission of correspondence and instructions between the two parties is done in two ways. The first - the classic one - involves the delivery of paper documents in person or through proxies. The second option is actively gaining popularity over the past few years. This is Internet banking. This method of management allows you to remotely operate with financial means. The presented system is already used in many organizations, since all instructions and requirements can be sent via the Internet, which allows you to quickly and promptly follow orders.

Currency operations

Each company has its own bank account . Such accounts are rarely used to obtain a passive type of income, since the main purpose is to provide quick and reliable access to the credited funds through various channels of transfer of orders. A bank account can be maintained both in rubles and in foreign currency. The latter option is actively used in the event that the organization carries out its activities with the use of foreign banknotes. In such situations, you will need to open three accounts: current, transit and accounting. The first is necessary for directly disposing of the available currency, the second is recording the incoming cash, and the third is used to account for the purchased currency in the domestic market. Operations on a bank account in foreign currency provide its owner with a whole range of services: the acquisition and subsequent sale of banknotes by order of the client; Conversion activity; Sale of foreign exchange earnings; Transfer of funds in accordance with the concluded export-import transactions of the owner.

Acquiring

This interesting term hides a widely used function - making payments on a bank card when paying for various goods and services at retail outlets. Such actions become available only after the conclusion of a separate agreement. The organization responsible for providing the services described above is called the acquirer. The duties include the provision and installation of appropriate equipment in the outlets, as well as their subsequent maintenance and, of course, the timely conduct of all activities related to the use of plastic cards. It should be noted that similar opportunities are provided for accepting payments via the Internet. In such cases, terminals for reading cards are replaced by special programs, the forms of which are filled by the buyer. A similar service is called Internet acquiring.

Cash on hand

Like all the above types of banking operations, this category implies actions with the finances of the client who applied. After the conclusion of the agreement on settlement and cash services of the organization, it is possible to register a checkbook. It is necessary to receive cash, which in the future can be used to finance the economic activities of the firm, pay for the goods of suppliers, as well as for the calculation of wages to employees. In the modern world, a corporate bank card serves as an excellent alternative to all known checkbooks. In parallel with its registration, the procedure for the opening of a specialized account is underway, according to which the credit organization can keep a record of all actions performed with it.

Registration of each transaction with a bank card allows you to receive an extract with all turnover at any time and calculate the remaining cash. In addition, with the help of the above service, settlements can be made to cover costs in two categories: business expenses and overheads, as well as costs directly related to the main activity. The first traditionally include the purchase of office equipment and stationery, the necessary software and training materials. The category is also credited with paying for the services of various related services (for example, postal or courier services). In turn, the second type of expenses that can be paid on a corporate bank card includes settlements with suppliers, hospitality and travel expenses (consisting in booking and buying tickets, paying accommodation in hotel rooms and catering for employees, renting motor vehicles). In addition, this category also includes settlements with counterparties whose services are directly related to the main line of business. It should be remembered that all expenses submitted for payment on a corporate bank card must be attributed to tax accounting only if they are regulated and confirmed by the relevant documentation in accordance with the current Tax Code. Thus, the above described function provides the legal entity with a lot of useful opportunities and is a way to solve a wide range of tasks. We list some of them:

• Simplification of the procedure for settlements in foreign currency;
• Increase the security and reliability of ongoing processes (while minimizing the likelihood of loss or theft of funds, and with the loss of the card itself, you can easily block it);
• Considerable time savings (there is no need to queue at the bank cash desks);
• The possibility of round-the-clock access to finance (for example, to increase or decrease the existing limit);
• Ensuring simple and quick control over accountable funds (connection of the SMS-notification option, as well as fulfillment of requests for statements with detailed details of expenses);
• Providing variability of management depending on the model being adopted (splitting workers' maps into groups or linking all to one account with a common limit);
• Expanding opportunities (making more payments, lump sums for amounts significantly exceeding the amounts available for settlement using cash cash transfers, and making purchases through the Internet).

Finally

Proceeding from the foregoing, it can be concluded that banking operations are aimed at close interaction of the financial organization with the client who appeals and include a wide range of all kinds of services. However, the most basic directions can be considered two varieties. This is credit and settlement and cash services. This includes various operations on the bank account, the receipt of payment documents, the registration of check books, the issuance of the required certificates and statements regarding the status of the client's current account, actions with plastic cards and much more.