The fish industry. The fishing fleet. Fish processing enterprises. The Federal Law "On Fisheries and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources"

Fish is an important component of the human diet. This product is rich not only with proteins, but also with fats, as well as with various minerals and vitamins useful for the body. The fish industry in our time, despite the existing difficulties, continues to develop. In this area, today operate as a small, medium or large business.

Where in Russia fish is caught and processed

восемь: The main regions of such specialization in our country are eight:

• West.
• Azov-Black Sea.
• лжско -Каспийский. In lzhsko-the Caspian.
• Northern.
• The Baikal.
• альневосточный. D alnevostochny.
• West-Siberian.
• East Siberian.

в России добывается на Дальнем Востоке. Most of all aquatic biological resources in Russia are extracted in the Far East. рыбной промышленности страны. The enterprises of this region are considered the basis of the country 's fishing industry. The share of the Far East accounts for about 60% of all the products of this variety supplied to the market. The enterprises of the Western Basin outstrip this region mainly only in the production of canned food. They account for the production of about 57% of such products. The enterprises of the Northern Basin are leading in the production of fodder fish and bone meal, supplied to fur farms.

Fisheries industry: statistics

In 2016, Russia produced 4.7 million tons of various aquatic biological resources. This figure by 248 thousand tons exceeded the figures of the previous year. The catch in the Far East increased by 8% to 3.5 million tons. In the Northern Basin, this indicator increased by 1.4%. In this region, 567 thousand tons of aquatic biological resources were caught. In the Azov-Black Sea and Western basins, the increase in indicators was 5.6%. Enterprises of the region have processed and put on the market 103 thousand tons of bioresources. The catch in the Western Basin increased by 12%, and in the Volga-Caspian, unfortunately, decreased by 2.4%. In these regions, 34 and 68 thousand tons of bioresources were caught during the year.

Main goals

For economic purposes, this branch of the national economy belongs to group "B" (commodities). However, part of the fish industry in Russia is part of the "A" group (the means of production). In any case, the main tasks of the industry are:

• Catch and processing of fish;
• Regulation of harvest intensity;
• Reproduction of aquatic biological resources;
• Commodity fish farming;
• Protection of aquatic biological resources.

Which companies are included

The fishing industry as a whole has a decisive significance in ensuring the social and economic development of Russia. This sphere of management in our country, as in any other, is a very complex interconnected production complex. They enter the fishing industry, for example:

• Fishing fleet;
• Port and repair bases;
• Enterprises specializing in fish farming;
• Enterprises involved in fish processing;
• Netting plants;
• Warehouse facilities;
• Institute of Fisheries, etc.

Companies that produce fishing vessels are not included in this industry. Such enterprises are part of the shipbuilding complex of the country.

Fleet: problems and solutions

Of course, most of the fish delivered to the domestic market is caught in the seas, oceans, lakes, ponds and rivers. Only a small proportion of such products are cultivated artificially in reservoirs. According to statistics, the very catch of fish in Russia is currently carried out mainly by small and small vessels. ыбной промышленности. This is to a large extent a problem of modern domestic industry. не могут вести лов в отдаленных океанических зонах. After all, such vessels can not fish in remote oceanic zones. This problem arose, unfortunately, for a very long time - even at the time of the collapse of the USSR. The fact is that most of the production capacities of large vessels were then left abroad. In the USSR, such enterprises were built mainly on the territory of Ukraine and Lithuania.

а рыболовецкого флота в плане оснащенности крупными судами в России, скорее всего, в ближайшее время будет решена. However, the problems of the fishing fleet in terms of equipping large vessels in Russia are likely to be resolved in the near future. Развитие гражданской морской техники» (2009-2016 гг.). Already, the project " Development of civil marine equipment" (2009-2016) has been fully implemented in the country . By 2017 there are 13 shipyards in Russia. And many of them are quite capable of building large ships.

They are engaged in the development of projects of such boats, including some Russian research institutes. The basis for replenishing the fishing fleet in Russia in the near future can serve as developed by their specialists:

• Large freezing trawler.
• The average trawler-seiner.

Also, Russian scientists recently presented several projects of new modern small fishing vessels.

Processing companies

Production capacities of this sphere of the national economy are available in all regions of Russia. The only thing - in the areas directly adjacent to the seas, oceans and large rivers, there are, of course, more of them. выпуском консервов, полуфабрикатов из рыбы, сушкой, копчением водных биоресурсов, их предварительной обработкой и заморозкой и т. д. Fish processing enterprises can be engaged in the production of canned food, semi-finished fish, drying, smoking of aquatic biological resources, their pretreatment and freezing, etc.

Enterprises of this specialization can not only be on land. Often, processing is carried out directly on fishing vessels. For example, in Russia there is a whole floating base of this specialization - "Vsevolod Sibirtsev". It represents a huge fishery complex on the water. Of course, this producer delivers to the market the freshest and tasty canned food. In terms of dimensions, this floating fish factory is comparable to a 12-story house. The owner of the Vsevolod Sibirskirtsev base is currently the company Yuzhmorrybflot.

Until recently, the country's fish processing industry was experiencing considerable difficulties. Most of all extracted aquatic biological resources were supplied to foreign enterprises. However, in the last 5-7 years the situation in this regard in Russia has begun to stabilize. Today, the main purpose of the fish processing industry is to expand production to replace imported products in the domestic market.

The largest enterprises

Currently, about 700 medium-sized, small and large fish-processing industries operate in Russia. And this, of course, is far from the limit. Presumably by 2023 in the country there will be several more large plants of this specialization. This was stated by the representative of Rosrybolovstva at the 6th Conference of the 10th WorldFood 2016 Forum.

рыбоперерабатывающие комбинаты и компании, как: Today in the country there are, for example, such large fish processing plants and companies as:

• "Rybprom" (Rostov region).
• "TD Altayryba +" (Altai).
• "Kerchrybholod" (Crimea).
• "Russian Fish World" (Moscow).
• Sakhalin Fish Company.
• Krasnosel'sk Combine, etc.

Fish farming enterprises

Industrial fish farming, like the fleet, is developing in Russia nowadays and is actually a promising branch. The share of companies of this specialization in the country accounts for quite a significant part of all bioresources being sold. The enterprises of this specialization are engaged mainly in growing of whitefish and carp species of fish. Like most other enterprises in the industry, fish farmers are currently experiencing some difficulties, but they are still developing quite intensively. Stimulation for this has been, including the sanctions imposed by the European Union against Russia.

As part of the import substitution program, the state began supporting enterprises specializing in fish farming, much more actively. корма, посадочный материал и т. д. Также в стране были закреплены приоритетные права на использование рыбоводных участков за теми предприятиями, которые выполняют государственные условия и нормы. For example, in Russia customs duties for some types of equipment, feed, planting material, etc. were abolished . Also, priority rights for the use of fish farms for those enterprises that fulfill state conditions and norms were assigned in the country. In addition, at present, companies of this specialization often receive various kinds of subsidies and reduce or even cancel taxes.

Law regulating fishing

Of course, fish production in our country is conducted taking into account the need for timely replenishment of its reserves and protection of the environment. The law "On Fisheries and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources" regulates all these issues. The document was adopted on November 26, 2004. The latest changes to date have been made in 2016.

According to this law, for example, fishing in the waters of Russia can not be carried out by legal entities under the control of foreign investors. Actually, fishing itself in our country, according to this document, is classified into industrial, amateur, coastal, etc.

О рыболовстве и сохранении водных биологических ресурсов» при ловле должны в России не только юридические лица, но и физические. Of course, to comply with the law " On fishing and conservation of aquatic biological resources" when fishing should be in Russia, not only legal entities, but also physical. For violation of the provisions of this document, both administrative and criminal punishment is provided.

Actually to catch fish for personal consumption in the reservoirs of the country, according to the law, we can have any person and completely free. The only thing, the extraction of bioresources in this case should be carried out by authorized means. Use networks, for example, for catch in ponds, rivers and lakes in the country is prohibited. The law divides the rules and regulations for ordinary fishermen and members of the respective societies. The latter is granted more rights. суточный для личного потребления, к примеру, для обычного рыбака составляет 3 кг, для члена общества — 5 кг. The allowed daily fishing for personal consumption, for example, for an ordinary fisherman is 3 kg, for a member of society - 5 kg.