The concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at the upbringing and education of the future generation. Throughout 2003-2010, The system of domestic education underwent serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the RF education system as bachelor's and master's degrees were introduced .

In 2012, the law "On the Education of the Russian Federation" was adopted in Russia. Levels Education, similar to European states, allow free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience, which was accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to involve new members of society in established beliefs and value ideals.

The main training functions are:

• Education of worthy members of society.
• Socialization and familiarization of a new generation with the values that have developed in a given society.
• Providing qualified training for young professionals.
• Transfer of knowledge that relates to work, using modern technology.

Eligibility Criteria

Educated is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, can clearly identify the causes and consequences of an event and can thus logically think. The main criterion of education can be called the system of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person's ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The Importance of Learning in Human Life

It is through training that the transfer of the culture of society from one generation to another is carried out. Education affects all spheres of life of society. An example of such an impact may be the improvement of the training system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the available labor resources of the state, which in turn will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, obtaining a lawyer's profession will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, as every citizen should know his legal rights and duties.

Qualitative and systematic training, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to bring up a harmonious personality. A significant influence is provided by training and on the individual. Since under the current situation only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interrelated with obtaining high-quality training at the highest level.

Education system

The system of education in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-governmental.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• Priority of universal values.
• The basis is the cultural and national principles.
• Science.
• Orientation to features and level of education in the world.
• Humanistic character.
• Focus on protecting the environment.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
• Training should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Obligatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

In terms of the achieved independent thinking, these types of training are distinguished:

• Pre-school - in the family and in pre-school institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
• Primary - it is carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from 6 or 7 years, lasts from the first to the fourth classes. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of the individual and the acquisition of necessary knowledge about the world around him.
• Average - includes the basic (4-9 classes) and the general secondary (10-11 classes). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

By nature and orientation, education happens:

• General. Helps acquire knowledge of the fundamentals of science, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps him acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, knowledge and skills are acquired, which are necessary for the performance of labor and service functions for trainees.
• Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in using the simplest tools of labor.

Levels of education

At the heart of the organization of education is the notion of "the level of education in the Russian Federation". It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of the study by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. Level of education in the Russian Federation Is a completed educational cycle, for which certain requirements are characteristic. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Basic.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in Russia are distinguished:

• Undergraduate. Admission is made on a competitive basis after the passing of the USE. The student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed the basic knowledge of his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. At the end of this level, the graduate can pass special examinations and continue training for a specialist or a master's.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On the full-time form, the term of study is 5 years, and on correspondence - 6. After receiving a diploma of a specialist, you can continue studying for a master's degree or enter postgraduate study. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from the master's degree. However, when working abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This level produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can apply for a master's degree at the end of a bachelor's degree and a specialty.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. It implies the training in graduate school. This is the necessary preparation for obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of science. Training in full-time form lasts 3 years, on correspondence - 4. Academic degree is awarded after graduation, defense of the thesis and passing final examinations.

Levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and attachments to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other countries, and therefore, provide an opportunity to continue their studies abroad.

Forms of education

Training in Russia can be conducted in two forms:

• In special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, extramural, distance forms.
• Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family training. Provision is made for an interim and final state attestation.

Education subsystems

The learning process combines two interconnected subsystems: education and upbringing. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of man.

The main difference between these two categories is that instruction is directed primarily at developing the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is based on value guidelines. Between these two processes there is a close relationship. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago in the education system of the Russian Federation a reform was carried out, there is no significant improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher educational institutions.
• A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
• Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

• Low level of remuneration of workers in the sphere of education.
• Lack of staff with a high degree of qualification.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipal entities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, mobility of teachers and students to exchange advanced international experience.
• Strengthening the focus of domestic education in a practical way, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of teachers-practitioners.
• Active introduction into the education process of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems.
• Popularization of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is the determining factor of the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a small shift for the better. Levels of education of the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian training has taken the course of internationalization.