The application in Russian: basic approaches to the definition and isolation

The appendix in Russian is distinguished as a special kind of definition, which is a single noun or a noun phrase and giving a different name / characteristic to the person or object indicated by the word being determined. For example: Russian Irina Volkova became the winner of the competition. A person is known - he must plan his every step in advance.

The application in Russian is used, as a rule, to determine the profession, social or family affiliation, the names of geographical objects, generic and species relations, etc.

Ways to express an application and a specific word

1. The noun (with and without dependent words) in the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined: the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper / in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper , Moscow / about the city of Moscow .

2. Noun / noun phrase, the case of which corresponds to the form of the word being defined: the old man-the janitor / the old man-the cleaner, the girl-the taxi driver / the girl-the taxi driver.

3. A single noun or a noun phrase with an alliance as , for example: He, as an experienced person , can be trusted.

4. Noun / phrase, including words by name, surname, nickname u, etc.: And he had a friend, named Russov .

The application in Russian can refer to a noun, a pronoun, and also an adjective, participle or numerals, which in this context fulfills the role of a noun: The next morning the beautiful birch outside the window became completely white. Here it is, my betrothed . The third, a guy of about eighteen , was completely pale with fear.

Features of the distinction between the application and the word being determined

In those cases where both the word and application are expressed by the nouns, there can be some difficulties in determining them. Here are some rules concerning the application in Russian (examples are attached):

1. The predicate in the sentence always agrees with the subject, that is, with a definable word, and not with the attachment: The entire Izvestia newspaper is already sold (the newspaper is sold out).

2. When declining, the application, and not the word to be determined, will retain the nominative case: the Izvestia newspaper in the newspaper Izvestia .

3. If the proper name in combination with the common name denotes an inanimate object, then it is an application: the Dnieper River , the Electromash plant .

4. The reverse situation in the case if the proper name means a first or last name: Brother Peter, Professor Ivanov.

Separated application in Russian

In accordance with the current grammatical norms, applications are segregated in the following cases:

1. When follow the determined word: Nastenka, the favorite of all teachers , perfectly coped with any tasks.

The exception is applications with a shade of beingness, when it is possible to replace them with a design with the word being : My faithful friend and companion , Ivan never failed me (cf. As my faithful friend and companion , Ivan never let me down).

2. When they refer to personal pronouns: Victory Day , it means a lot to all of us.

3. When applications are after the word being defined and have a clarifying meaning, including if they include words that is, namely, for example, in particular , etc. Example: The owner of the estate, Stepanov , was an extremely hospitable person. Many birds, for example, rooks , spend the winter in warm places.

In some cases, the application in Russian is separated by dashes, not commas. It is important to remember that if the application is in the middle of a sentence, the highlighting signs must be paired, that is the same: two commas or two dashes.