Segments of the lung. Lung segments of the lungs

Lungs are the main respiratory organs. They fill the entire thoracic cavity with the exception of the mediastinum. Next, consider the main tasks of these bodies. The article will also describe the lobes and segments of the lungs.

Functions

In the lungs, gas exchange takes place. This process is the absorption from the air of oxygen alveoli by blood erythrocytes and the release of carbon dioxide, which decomposes into water and gas in the lumen. Thus, in the lungs there is a fairly close union of nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels, as well as airways. The latter begins with the early stages of phylogenetic and embryonic development.

The degree of ventilation, as well as the intensity of blood flow, the diffuse velocity of gases through the alveolar-capillary membrane, the elasticity and thickness of the elastic framework, the saturation of hemoglobin and other factors determine the level of oxygen supply to the body. When a single indicator changes, there is a violation of respiratory physiology and a number of functional disorders may occur.

Departments: general information

Segments of the human lungs are parts of the parenchyma. They include an artery and a bronchus. On the periphery, the elements are spliced. Unlike the pulmonary lobules, the joint sites do not contain clear connective tissue layers. Each element is represented as a cone. The top is directed to the gates of the lung, the base - to the surface. Branches of veins lie in the joints. There are nine segments in the left lung. In the next organ there are 10 parts. The left lung includes two lobes. The right consists of three parts. In this regard, their internal structure is somewhat different. To the left in the lower lobe, 4 segments are distinguished. These include:

1. Lower-back.
2. Low-level.
3. Inside.
4. Upper.

There are also tongue segments of the lungs:

• Lower.
• Upper.

At the bottom of the left side, it is more appropriate to select four segments. This is due to the fact that the lower anterior and internal divisions include a common bronchus.

Right lung segments: posterior section

This site is located dorsally from the apex. In the segment, there are 5 boundaries. Two of them are projected between the apex, upper and posterior on the medial surface. The three boundaries are on the costal surface. The bridge, which forms the anterior and posterior segments of the lung, has a vertical orientation. To the vein, artery and bronchus of the posterior element is carried out from the medial side in the dissection of the pleura of the surface of the gate or from the initial section of the horizontal furrow. Between the vein and the artery is a segmental bronchus. The blood channel of the posterior element connects to the vessel of the anterior. Together they enter the pulmonary vein. Between the II and IV rib plates, the posterior segment is projected onto the sternum surface.

Front area

This segment is located in the upper lobe. It can have five boundaries. Two lie on the medial surface. They share the apical and anterior, anterior and medial segments of the lung. Three boundaries run along the surface of the ribs. They share the medial, anterior and lateral, posterior and anterior, apical and anterior segments. The artery departs from the upper main branch. Deeper than the bronchus is the vein. It is represented as a tributary from the upper branch. Bronch and vessels in the segment when dissecting the medial pleura can be bandaged at the front of the gate. The anterior zone is located in the region of II-IV ribs.

The lateral department

This segment is projected from the side of the medial part only as a narrow band extending above the interlobular slant. Bronch has an orientation back. In this regard, the segment is on the back in the middle lobe. It is viewed from the surface of the ribs. The department has five boundaries. Two of them run along the medial surface, dividing the anterior and lateral, lateral and medial segments of the lung. The first boundary lies in accordance with the final section of the oblique furrow. The other three are located on the costal surface of the organ. They share the medial and lateral segments of the lung of the middle part.

The first boundary lies vertically. It goes from the center of the horizontal furrow to the edge of the oblique. The second border passes between the anterior and lateral segments. It corresponds to the location of the horizontal furrow. The third boundary is in contact with the posterior and anterior segments in the lower lobe. Vienna, artery and bronchus are deep. The approach to them is possible only below the gate along an oblique furrow. The lateral segment is located in the region between the IV-VI ribs.

The medial department

It is visible both on the medial and on the costal surfaces in the middle lobe. There are four boundaries in the department. Two separate the medial region from the lateral in the lower and the front in the upper lobes. The second boundary coincides with the oblique furrow. The first - lies respectively the front of the horizontal notch. On the edge surface there are also two boundaries. One starts from the middle of the front zone of the horizontal furrow, sinking to the end portion of the scythe. The second segment separates the anterior segment from the medial segment. The line coincides with the location of the horizontal furrow. From the lower branch of the artery a segmentary branch emerges. Under it is a bronchus and a centimeter vein. The approach to the segmental leg is carried out from the lower part of the gate through the intersecting oblique furrow. The border on the chest is located in the area of IV-VI ribs in the axillary midline.

Upper part of the lower part

This segment is at the top. In the region of III-VII ribs, there are two boundaries in the sector. One passes between the upper section in the lower and the posterior segment in the upper lobe. The border runs along an oblique furrow. The second line goes to the upper and lower segments of the lower part. To determine the boundaries, one should approximately extend the anterior region of the horizontal groove from the place of its connection with the scythe. The artery of the lower branch of the common vessel approaches the upper segment. Below it is located the bronchus, then - Vienna. Access to the gate is possible by means of an oblique intersectional groove.

Medial Basal Department

This segment is located on the medial side below the pulmonary gate. The department comes into contact with the hollow lower vein and right atrium. The segment is separated by a border from the posterior, lateral and anterior. From the lower branch of the artery in the department leaves the vessel. The highest part of the lower lobar bronchus is segmental bronchus. Below him is a vein that joins the lower right of the main.

Front basal department

This segment is in the lower lobe, the front of it. On the sternum, its location corresponds to the VI-VIII ribs of the axillary midline. There are three boundaries in the department. The first line lies between the lateral and anterior segments in the middle lobe. It corresponds to an oblique furrow. The projection of the second border coincides on the medial surface with the onset of the ligament. The third line lies between the upper and the front segments. The artery starts from the lower branch of the common arterial canal. Bronch departs from the process of the lower part of the same element. Vienna enters the lower main venous branch. Bronch and artery are seen at the bottom of an oblique furrow under the visceral pleura. Vienna is found under the ligament.

Basal lateral department

This segment is seen on the diaphragmatic and rib side of the lung. There is a department in the area between VII-IX plates under the axillary posterior line. It has three boundaries. The first passes between the anterior and lateral segments. The last and medial divisions divide the second boundary. The third line passes between the posterior and lateral segments. Bronch and the artery run along the bottom of the oblique furrow, the vein - under the ligament.

Basal posterior section

This segment is located in the lower lobe. It touches the spine. The segment occupies space in the region of VII-X edges. There are two borders in the department. They separate the posterior segment from the superior and lateral segments. Vienna, bronchus and artery run along the depth of the oblique furrow. With surgical intervention, they are best available from the medial side of the lower lobe.

Segments of the left lung

In the upper part there are the following departments:

1. Apical. It almost repeats the shape of the eponymous segment in the right lung. Vienna, bronchus and artery are located above the gate.
2. Rear. Its lower boundary runs down to the V edge. The posterior and apex segments of the left lung are often combined into one.
3. Front. Its lower boundary lies horizontally with respect to the 3rd edge.

Liggular segments of the left lung:

1. Front. It is located on the costal and medial sides in the region of the III-V ribs and the median axillary line at the level of IV-VI plates.
2. Lower. It is located under the previous department. Its border coincides with the furrow. The lower and upper ligulate segments of the lung are divided in the middle by the center of the cardiac notch.

Departments of the lower part coincide with those in the organ opposite.

Operative intervention: evidence

In case of violations of the functions of a site, it is resected (deleted). Such a need may arise in the following cases:

1. Destruction of tissues against the background of inflammation, provoked by infection (tuberculosis, most often).
2. Rebirth of the lung in the process of tumor growth (evil and benign).
3. Acquired or congenital formation of a hollow domain.
4. Purulent disintegration of tissue against a background of a number of pathologies.
5. Injuries.

Progress of the operation

As a rule, it is typical. Since the lungs are hidden in the sternum, a cut between the ribs is provided for better access to them. Then the plates are spread with a special tool. In accordance with the size of the affected area resection of the anatomical and functional element is carried out. For example, a segment of the lung can be removed. In various combinations of resection, several departments can be subjected at once.

Lobectomy can also be performed. This intervention involves the removal of the organ fraction. In rare cases, marginal resection is performed. This operation is atypical. It is the suturing and removal of a damaged area on the outside of the lung. Typically, this type of resection is carried out with injuries, which are characterized by a small amount of damage.