Properties and structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies

All non-living matter consists of particles whose behavior may differ. The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies has its own characteristics. Particles in solids are held together, because they are very close together, which makes them very strong. In addition, they can keep a certain shape, since their smallest particles do not move much, but only vibrate. Molecules in liquids are fairly close together, but they can move freely, so they do not have their own form. Particles in gases move very fast, around them, as a rule, a lot of space, which suggests their easy compression.

Properties and structure of solids

What is the structure and features of the structure of solids? They consist of particles that are very close to each other. They can not move, and therefore their form remains fixed. What are the properties of a solid? It does not shrink, but if it is heated, its volume will increase with increasing temperature. This is because the particles start to vibrate and move, which leads to a decrease in density.

One of the features of solids is that they have an unchanged shape. When the solid is heated, the average particle velocity increases. Faster moving particles collide more violently, causing each particle to push its neighbors. Consequently, an increase in temperature usually leads to an increase in the strength of the body.

Crystalline structure of solids

Intermolecular forces of interaction between neighboring solid molecules are strong enough to keep them in a fixed position. If these tiny particles are in a highly ordered configuration, then such structures are usually called crystalline. The special science - crystallography deals with questions of the internal orderliness of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) of an element or compound.

The chemical structure of a solid body is also of particular interest. Studying the behavior of particles, how they are arranged, chemists can explain and predict how certain types of materials will behave under certain conditions. The smallest particles of a solid are arranged in the form of a lattice. This is the so-called regular arrangement of particles, where various chemical connections between them are of no small importance.

The band theory of the structure of a solid body treats a solid as a collection of atoms, each of which, in turn, consists of a nucleus and electrons. In the crystalline structure, the nuclei of the atoms are in the nodules of the crystal lattice, for which a certain spatial periodicity is characteristic.

What is the structure of a liquid?

The structure of solids and liquids is similar in that the particles from which they are composed are at a close distance. The difference lies in the fact that the molecules of liquid matter move freely, since the force of attraction between them is much weaker than in a solid body.

What are the properties of the liquid? First, it is fluidity, and secondly, the liquid will take the form of the container into which it is placed. If it is heated, the volume will increase. Due to the close arrangement of particles to each other, the liquid can not be compressed.

What is the structure and structure of gaseous bodies?

The gas particles are arranged randomly, they are so far apart that there can not be gravity between them. What are the properties of the gas and what is the structure of the gaseous bodies? As a rule, the gas evenly fills the entire space into which it was placed. It is easily compressed. The velocity of the particles of the gaseous body increases with increasing temperature. This also increases pressure.

The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies is characterized by different distances between the smallest particles of these substances. The gas particles are much farther apart than in the solid or liquid state. In air, for example, the average distance between particles is about ten times the diameter of each particle. Thus, the volume of molecules occupies only about 0.1% of the total volume. The remaining 99.9% is empty space. In contrast, liquid particles fill about 70% of the total volume of the liquid.

Each particle of the gas moves freely along a straight path until it collides with another particle (gas, liquid, or solid). Particles usually move fast enough, and after two of them collide, they bounce off each other and continue their journey alone. These collisions change direction and speed. These properties of gas particles allow the gases to expand to fill any shape or volume.

Change state

The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies can change if they have a certain external effect. They can even go into the states of each other under certain conditions, for example, during heating or cooling.

• Melting. Under the influence of very high temperatures, the organized structure collapses, and the solid becomes liquid. The particles are still close to each other, but there is more free space between them. Thus, when a solid melts, it usually expands to fill a somewhat larger volume. This freedom of movement allows, for example, to give a certain form to a liquid metal.

• Evaporation. The structure and properties of liquid bodies allow them to under certain conditions to move into a completely different physical state. For example, accidentally shedding gasoline while refueling the car, you can quickly feel its pungent smell. How does this happen? The particles move along the entire liquid, eventually a certain part of them reaches the surface. Their directed movement can take these molecules out of the surface into the space above the liquid, but the attraction will pull them back. On the other hand, if the particle moves very fast, it can detach from others at a decent distance. Thus, with an increase in the particle velocity, which usually happens on heating, the process of evaporation takes place, that is, the transformation of the liquid into a gas.

Behavior of bodies in different physical states

The structure of gases, liquids, solids is mainly due to the fact that all these substances consist of atoms, molecules or ions, but the behavior of these particles can be completely different. The gas particles are chaotically separated from each other, the liquid molecules are close to each other, but they are not as rigidly structured as in a solid. The gas particles vibrate and move at high speeds. The atoms and molecules of the fluid vibrate, move and slide past one another. Particles of a solid body can also vibrate, but movement as such is not characteristic of them.

Features of internal structure

In order to understand the behavior of matter, we must first study the characteristics of its internal structure. What are the internal differences between granite, olive oil and helium in a balloon? A simple model of the structure of matter will help to find the answer to this question.

The model is a simplified version of a real object or substance. For example, before direct construction begins, architects first construct a model of a construction project. Such a simplified model does not necessarily imply an accurate description, but at the same time it can give an approximate idea of what a structure will be.

Simplified Models

In science, however, physical bodies are not always models. Over the last century, there has been a significant increase in human understanding of the physical world. However, most of the accumulated knowledge and experience is based on extremely complex representations, for example in the form of mathematical, chemical and physical formulas. In order to understand all this, you need to be well-versed in these exact and complex sciences. Scientists have developed simplified models for visualization, explanation and prediction of physical phenomena. All this greatly simplifies the understanding of why some bodies have a constant shape and volume at a certain temperature, while others can change them and so on.

All matter consists of the smallest particles. These particles are in constant motion. The volume of motion is related to temperature. Increased temperature indicates an increase in speed. The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies is distinguished by the freedom of movement of their particles, as well as by how much the particles are attracted to each other. The physical properties of a substance depend on its physical state. Water vapor, liquid water and ice have the same chemical properties, but their physical properties are significantly different.