Poetic dimensions: how to define? Names of poetic sizes

Before dwelling on the question of how to determine the sizes of verse lines, it should be noted that this is a syllabo-tonic versification system, where the determining element is the stop. It is such a repeating element, which consists of one percussion and a certain number of unstressed syllables. The foot was already known in antiquity, but there it did not consist of shock and unstressed syllables, but of long and short ones.

The dimensions are determined by the nature of the foot and the number of feet in the verse (verse line). One of the typical mistakes in the formulation is the tautological phrase "verse verse size". This phrase can often be heard from school children and even from teachers, it is incorrect, although it is very common. The size of a verse is poetic by nature, so it's incorrect to ask: "How to determine the verse size of a verse?" - it's correct to say: "How to determine the size of a verse?"

Two-Sided Feet

Poetry depends on the nature of the foot. How to determine the nature of the foot, will prompt chants, record a verse in the form of a diagram and determine what place the stressed syllable takes in each repetitive element of the poem.

Two-syllable feet consist of two syllables (that is, the element repeats every two syllables).

If the first syllable of the repeating element is shock, and the second is unstressed, then it is a trochee. It is enough to repeat any choreic word (summer, autumn) several times to feel the sound of chorea. Khorei is very popular in poetry and is known to readers both in the works of contemporary authors and in the work of classics. Choreic poems are very characteristic of poetry, addressed to children:

Somehow in the autumn the donkey Osya

At night I slept very badly.

And, when eight struck,

Oslik did not get up ... (A. Chebyshev)

Hedgehog Honya was quiet,

Hedgehog Honya was in no hurry.

Here is the hedgehog Honya once

I decided to go for water ... (A. Chebyshev)

Bath day at the turtle.

It is very troublesome for him:

It is necessary to wash the shirt

And wash yourself ... (A. Chebyshev)

If the percussion in the foot is the second syllable, then this is iambic. Iambic poems are no less popular.

The kitten was fluffy

And very naughty.

He ran fast and fast.

For the cat and for me.

Back to the dog Zučke

He often pestered ...

And if you take on the pens,

He hummed and slept. (A. Chebyshev)

To "hear" the sound of the iamba, it is enough to repeat any iambic word (spring, heat). Yamb is usually associated with the sound of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

Three-syllable feet

Three-syllable feet consist, respectively, of three syllables, one of which - the first, second or third - percussion.

If the shock is the first syllable, then this is called dactyl. To "hear" the dactyl, it is enough to repeat any dactylic word (joyfully, sorrowfully). Dactyl is very common in Russian poetry, but it can be found more rarely iambic and chorea.

Three and four, and two behemoths

We met two and four elephants.

Nearby - one - it was a swamp,

Two is a small river.

And the palm tree is alone.

Three and one hippopotamus said:

"Hello, two and four elephants."

And the rest lay under the palm tree.

There were many of them,

And the palm tree is alone. (A. Chebyshev)

If the stressed syllable is the second, then this is amphibrachium. After repeating the amphibrachic word (native, dog, nature) it is easy to feel the special sound of amphibrachia. The amphibrachical name of the fictional character Pupusik determined the sound of the comic cycle of Andrei Chebyshev's poems "The Economic Pugusik and the 8 Bulk Nusik":

... Once pugusik brought flowers,

A nusiki measured the water in the pots,

We were told that he did not sham

And in each pot I brought in a lot ...

... One day the pappusik sizzled dinner

And I remembered that there was not a lot of salt.

And nusiki snorted: "Do not trumpeter!

Even in the old tub, salt began to sour ... "

... One day the pappusik had a cousin with a friend,

Suddenly, the nusiki jangled with a loud fright:

"Pappy! Pupusik! He is not at all a friend!

Look how he pests his eyes around!

He ate three sweets and six.

And nusiki that will be in the evening? .. "

In the event that the drone is the third syllable of three, they speak of an anapaest. To feel an anapest, you can repeat any anapestic word several times (cities, the four of them).

... and there is another resurrection.

And today you can not spoil,

Because when the resurrection,

We do not need to get up early.

Mom-dad will not be with an alarm clock,

Like today, swear in the morning ...

And then I'm in the fridge

Very tasty fish caviar.

And yesterday's spring on Sunday -

There were still selling elephants -

With mom and dad we walked with families,

And they had Seryozhka Panov ... (A. Chebyshev)

These are the five most common, classic feet. In the Russian classics, they are mainly used, and they determine the most famous and widespread verse sizes. How to determine the size itself, and not just the type of foot, will be described below.

Four-syllable feet (peons)

Russian poetry also knows four-syllable feet, they are called peonies. If the stressed syllable is the first, then this foot is called peony I, if the second, then, respectively, the pione II, and so on. Peonies are easily confused with a horei or iambic, but if you listen, then their sound is different. Within the framework of the school curriculum, there are mostly talked about the classic feet - two-syllables and three-syllables.

Five-syllable feet (peptones)

In addition, five-sided stops, or five-lobes, or peptones are also possible. These stops can be found in Russian folk poetry or in its stylizations. The most widespread were the five-syllables with the third stressed syllable: "As in Mother, in the damp earth ..." The sound of peptone III is really very characteristic and unforgettable, familiar to many in the Russian byliny.

Number of feet in verse

The foot is determined by the poetic dimensions. How to determine the type of foot, described above, but in order to find out what size a poem is written, knowledge about the type of foot is not enough. The stop is the unit that measures the size. The second action that needs to be done is to calculate how much the stop constitutes the verse line (verse).

The correct names of verse sizes therefore sound, for example, as follows: "trisyllabic trochee" (the number of trochaic stops in the line is three), "five-syllable iambic" (the number of iambic stops in the line is five), "disyllabic anapest" (the number of anapestal stops in the line - Two), etc. A typical mistake is made by many students and students, answering the question: "What size is this?" - referring only to the form of the foot. It is wrong to say, "The size of this poem is dactyl," it is correct to say: "The size of this poem is three-legged (two-legged, etc.) dactyl."

Determination of the number of feet in verse

So, the number and nature of the feet depend on the poetic dimensions. How to determine the number of stops? It depends on the number of shock (circuit) stresses. Let us explain this with the example of chorea and amphibrachium.

If I put on my hat,

I'll become almost like a dad.

Well, daddy and without a hat

All the same it is similar to the daddy.

In this poem by Andrei Chebyshev "About Father's hat" the size is defined as a four-syllable trochee, as the verse line (verse) contains four trochaic feet.

The horse galloped along the field, galloped,

I galloped around the field and was very tired.

And in the field stood, and weeded the grass.

And again she jumped, jumped, jumped.

And in the river she bathed, and played the mane,

And again I jumped around the field, jumped.

Neither the wind nor the bird can catch up with her.

No one can jump so fast.

In this poem of the same author, the number of stops is also four, but the feet, unlike the previous example, are not trochaic, but amphibrachic, so the size of this poem is four-legged amphibrachium.