Pathogenesis is ... The pathogenesis of diabetes. Pathogenesis of pneumonia

Pathogenesis is the process of developing any disease. It is examined based on clinical analysis data. This is also helped, for example, by radiographic examination of the disease of bones and joints; Ultrasound - with internal diseases, fluorography - with lung damage, and others. In other words, pathogenesis describes everything that happens to a person during a disease. If the pathogenesis mechanisms are known to the doctor, he can prevent the development of more serious complications. The pathogenesis of the disease is always different. It will depend on the very disease, its causes and pathogen. Let's look at the pathogenesis of diseases.

Diabetes

This ailment is known since ancient times. Even then the witch doctors noticed that people, who were getting sweet urine, soon waited for death. But people did not know what kind of illness it was, how it was treated, so for many centuries diabetes was considered a sentence.

Some time passed, scientists appeared, who could understand the pathogenesis of diabetes and develop a life-saving medicine.

What happens in the body of a person who has diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes is a disease in which the human body does not receive an important hormone - insulin. Because of this, sugar in the patient's blood rises. A person can die. Diabetes is of two types: insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent (type 1 and type 2). The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in these cases is different, but about everything in order.

The first type of diabetes mellitus usually occurs in children and adults under 35 years of age, it is inherited, but other causes are possible: severe stress, pancreatic injury, and infectious diseases. Any of the reasons is an impetus to the development of the disease. The pancreas (more precisely, the islets of Langerhans) begins to die. But it is she who secretes insulin. Soon the body develops an absolute deficiency of this hormone, and patients need saving injections.

In our time, diabetes can be called an incurable disease. In Russia and abroad they make pancreas transplant operations, but they are very expensive, not everyone can afford it.

The second type of diabetes mellitus has a different pathogenesis of development. They are ill elderly people, more often women, prone to fatness. In their case, the pancreas does not have any problems. She, as expected, produces the right amount of insulin, but the body does not feel this hormone, and it gets into the blood in small amounts. Reduced sensitivity is due to age, excess weight and chronic human diseases. The body lacks insulin, which sends signals to the pancreas. She, in turn, begins to intensively produce a hormone, which still does not reach the goal. As a result, the body becomes tired, with each time the production of insulin decreases. For normal sensitivity of tissues to insulin, such people are prescribed tablets that improve the above-described process. Sometimes it helps, and sometimes it does not, and then insulin injections are given to the patients.

Pathogenesis of pneumonia

Pneumonia develops when pathogenic bacteria enter the lungs. They can penetrate there by airborne droplets - this is the most frequent option. Hematogenous infection occurs during sepsis or other serious infectious diseases. Through lymph, a person can become infected with a chest injury.

In any case, the microbes enter the bronchi and begin to multiply there. For such an invasion, the body reacts with an increase in temperature, and, consequently, with the launch of the immune system. With reduced immunity, a person quickly weakens, in the lungs begins to accumulate mucus, which will violate the patency of the bronchi. Predisposing factors in the formation of mucus include the following: smoking, drinking alcohol, work in harmful production, heart disease, chronic illnesses. Microbes in mucus feel very good and continue their pathogenic effect. To stop the harmful effect on the body of pathogenic bacteria, the patient is prescribed special therapy and a complex of multivitamins to enhance the body's defenses. The pathogenesis of pneumonia is very important for doctors. Knowing it, they can prescribe the right treatment.

Arterial hypertension

The condition at which there is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries is called arterial hypertension. The causes of the problem are the following: increased cardiac output, increased resistance to arterial blood flow, or both. The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension will depend on the causes that caused it. For example, if a person is constantly stressed, his muscles are in a tense state. It is transmitted to the blood vessels, they narrow, thereby provoking an increase in pressure. Also, the causes of this problem can be diseases of the heart and other internal organs, for example, the thyroid gland. In any case, if there is persistent arterial hypertension, the patient must undergo a full medical examination to determine the exact cause of the disease.

Pathogenesis of gastric ulcer

In the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, aggressive and protective factors are distinguished. A peptic ulcer occurs when there is a disturbance in the balance between them. Aggressive factors:

- pepsin;

- bile acids;

- hydrochloric acid.

Protective factors include the following:

- production of mucus;

- Update of epithelium;

- Correct blood supply;

- normal nutrition of nerve cells.

In addition, there is another important cause of ulceration - the Helicobacter pylori bacterium. At the end of the twentieth century, Australian scientists found it in the mucous membrane of a person's stomach, suffering from chronic gastritis. After a series of studies it was proved that Helicobacter pylori can affect the formation of ulcers. It does not perish in the stomach and releases harmful substances that damage its mucous membrane.

The bacterium is attached to the wall of the stomach, thereby causing inflammation of the mucosa. When a foci of inflammation appears, the body turns on protective forces and with blood supplies leukocytes to the ulcer (they fight with infectious agents). But in this case, the leukocytes begin to produce an active form of oxygen, which damages the epithelium and aggravates the course of the disease. Affected mucosa becomes sensitive to the influence of aggressive factors - this causes pain.

A peptic ulcer requires urgent treatment, because it gives many complications that are life-threatening. It is necessary to remember the risk of perforation of the ulcer (the formation of a through hole in the stomach). Without treatment, an ulcer can degenerate into cancer. Therefore, if you suspect a considered illness, you should consult a doctor.

Atherosclerosis

The disease, in which lesions of the arteries of the elastic type occur, is called atherosclerosis. In this disease, a change in the state of the walls of the vessels and the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque are noted. When the disease progresses, the patient's condition may worsen. But with timely treatment for medical help you can avoid terrible consequences. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis will depend on the causes that caused it. There are several hypotheses for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

The causes of atherosclerotic plaques

The first reason is a violation of the integrity of the wall of the blood vessel. There are a lot of factors that damage the endothelium. This includes smoking, including passive, increased blood pressure, improper diet, sedentary lifestyle, frequent stress and emotional stress. In addition, a variety of bacteria and viruses can cause damage to the integrity. Thrombocytes begin to accumulate at the site of the damage to the vessel. They are necessary to close the hole that appeared. The problem is that the platelets partially or completely overlap the lumen of the vessel. When large-sized vessels are affected, clinical symptoms of complications of atherosclerosis appear: coronary heart disease - a condition in which the heart muscle lacks oxygen; Myocardial infarction and other diseases.

Another hypothesis of the appearance of an ailment is malnutrition. With frequent consumption of fatty and fried foods, a large amount of fat is retained in the blood. They adversely affect the walls of blood vessels and cause their damage. Next, the picture is similar to the previous one. Thrombocytes rush to the site of injury, but their activity is too great. A thrombus forms on the wall of the vessel, which clogs the lumen of the vessel and causes complications. In addition, the thrombus can come off the wall of the damaged vessel and clog any other, for example the aorta or pulmonary artery. In this case, instant death occurs.

Apparently, both hypotheses have almost the same pathogenesis. This is an occasion for disputes, but scientists around the world believe that both causes of atherosclerosis have a right to exist. We can say more: they complement each other. Currently, there are a number of drugs that can reduce the risk of developing plaques. In order to find out if you are at risk for this disease, you need to see a doctor. If necessary he will prescribe you a cure.

Edema

Everyone knows what edema is. The pathogenesis of their appearance depends on the causes. And there are a lot of the latter. But first things first.

Edema in heart disease

Normally, the fluid that travels through the arterial vessels has a higher pressure than that found in the tissues. In the venous system, the opposite is true. Thus, there is a normal exchange of fluid in the body. But at a pathology pressure in venous vessels increases, there is a liquid retention in an organism - there are edemas. The problem can arise because of venous stasis or heart failure.

Edema in the inflammatory process

The pathogenesis of the disease is also associated with fluid retention in the body. Inflammation provokes venous hyperemia - a condition in which blood stasis occurs in the organs due to obstructed venous outflow. The pressure in the venous vessels increases, while the fluid is retained in the body.

Edema in case of allergic reaction

Allergy is the body's response to antigenic factors. With this problem, the body releases histamine, which causes vasodilation and increases the permeability of the vascular wall. Because of this, the fluid begins to intensively enter the tissues, resulting in edema.

Hungry Edema

Normally, the oncotic pressure in the blood and tissues is the same. But with starvation in the body begins the breakdown of proteins, which the body begins to consume. First of all, he takes up blood plasma proteins. Because of this, the blood pressure drops sharply, and the liquid passes to the side of increased pressure, that is, in the tissue.

Edema associated with inflammation of the kidneys

With inflammation of the kidney, there is compression of the kidney vessels. This is followed by a violation of the circulation of the body and irritation of the cells, which stimulate the release of renin. The latter stimulates the adrenal glands, which begin to produce aldosterone. It inhibits the excretion of sodium from the body. This element irritates tissue osmoreceptors, which increase the activity of antidiuretic hormone. It, in turn, slows the elimination of fluid from the body, and it begins to accumulate in the tissues.

The pathogenesis of diseases, due to which edema appears, is almost the same, but in each case there are nuances. Therefore, for proper treatment of the disease it is not enough to simply read the pathogenesis yourself. It can only do much harm. Therapy should appoint a doctor.

Conclusion

In the article, we tried to describe the pathogenesis of various ailments with understandable words, so that it would be easier for you to understand the essence of the problem. Pathogenesis is a mechanism of disease development. Information about him is used to determine the right treatment.