Nuclear fusion. Cold nuclear fusion. Nuclear power

Cold nuclear fusion can also be called a cold fusion. Its essence lies in the possibility of realizing the nuclear fusion reaction occurring in any chemical systems. It is assumed that there is no significant overheating of the working substance. As is known, ordinary nuclear reactions in their conduct create a temperature that can be measured in millions of degrees Kelvin. Cold fusion in theory does not require such a high temperature.

Numerous studies and experiments

The study of cold nuclear fusion, on the one hand, is considered pure fraud. No other scientific directions in this with him are comparable. On the other hand, it is possible that this field of science has not been fully studied, and can not be considered a utopia, much less a fraud. However, in the history of the development of the cold fusion, nevertheless, if not frauds, then for sure they were insane.

The recognition of the pseudoscience of this trend and the reason for criticism to which the technology of cold nuclear fusion has undergone was the numerous failures of scientists working in this field, as well as the falsifications made by individuals. Already since 2002, most scientists believe that the work to resolve this issue is unpromising.

At the same time, some attempts to conduct such a reaction are continuing. So, in 2008, a Japanese scientist from the University of Osaka publicly demonstrated an experiment performed with an electrochemical cell. It was Yoshiaki Arata. After such a demonstration, the scientific community again began to talk about the possibility or impossibility of cold fusion, which nuclear physics can provide. Individual scientists who are qualified in nuclear physics and chemistry are engaged in the search for justifications for this phenomenon. And they do it in order to find a non-nuclear explanation, but another, alternative. In addition, this is also due to the fact that there is no information on neutron radiation.

History of Fleishman and Pons

The very history of the publication of this kind of scientific direction in the eyes of the world community is suspicious. It all started on March 23, 1989. It was then that Professor Martin Fleischman and his partner Stanley Pons gathered a press conference, which was held at the university, where chemists worked, in Utah (USA). Then they said that they had reacted with cold nuclear fusion by passing an electric current through the electrolyte. According to the chemists, as a result of the reaction, they were able to get a positive energy output, that is, heat. In addition, they observed the nuclear radiation produced by the reaction and coming from the electrolyte.

The statement made literally made a real sensation in the scientific community. Of course, low-temperature nuclear fusion, produced on a simple desk, could radically change the whole world. No longer do we need complexes of huge chemical plants, which also cost a huge amount of money, and the result in the form of obtaining the right reaction when it comes - is unknown. If everything had been confirmed, Fleishman and Pons would have waited for a terrific future, and mankind - a considerable reduction in costs.

However, the statement of the chemists made in this way was their mistake. And, who knows, perhaps, the most important. The matter is that in the scientific community it is not accepted to make any statements to the media about their inventions or discoveries before the information about them will be published in special scientific journals. Scientists doing this receive criticism instantly, this is considered a bad form in the scientific community. According to the rules, the scientific employee who made any discovery is tacitly obliged to notify the scientific community first, which will decide whether this invention really is true, whether it should be recognized as an opening at all. On the legal side, this is considered an obligation to fully preserve the secrets of what has been discovered by the discoverer from the time he submits his article to the publication and until it is published. Nuclear physics in this regard is no exception.

Fleishman and his colleague sent this article to a scientific journal called Nature and was the most authoritative scientific publication in the world. All people associated with science know that such a magazine will not publish unchecked information, let alone print someone horrible. Martin Fleishman already at that time was considered a respected scientist working in the field of electrochemistry, so the article was due to be published soon. And it happened. Three months after the ill-fated conference the publication was published, but the excitement around the opening was already flared up. Perhaps, therefore, the editor-in-chief of Nature, John Maddox, in the next monthly issue of the magazine published his doubts about the discovery of Flaishman and Pons and the fact that they obtained the energy of a nuclear reaction. In his note he wrote that chemists should be punished for his premature publication. There they were told that real scientists would never allow public disclosure of their inventions, and those who do so can be considered simple adventurers.

After some time, Ponsu and Fleishman were dealt another blow, which can be called crushing. A number of researchers from the American scientific institutes of the United States (Massachusetts and California technological universities) conducted, that is, repeated the experiment of chemists, creating the same conditions and factors. However, the result stated by Flaishman did not result.

Is it possible or impossible?

Since then, there has been a clear division of the entire scientific community into two camps. Supporters of one convinced everyone that a cold fusion is an invention that is not based on anything. Others, on the contrary, are still convinced that a cold nuclear fusion is possible, that the ill-fated chemists have made a discovery, which in the end can save all humanity, giving it an inexhaustible source of energy.

The fact that if the invention of a new method with the help of which cold nuclear fusion reactions will be possible and, accordingly, the significance of such discovery will be invaluable for all people on a global scale, attracts more and more scientists to this scientific area, part Of which in reality can be considered scammers. Entire states make significant efforts to build just one thermonuclear station, while spending huge sums of money, and cold fusion is able to extract energy in absolutely simple and fairly inexpensive ways. This is what attracts those who want to cash in on fraud, as well as other people with mental disorders. Among the adherents of this method of obtaining energy, one can find both.

The story of the cold fusion was simply obliged to get into the archives of the so-called pseudoscientific stories. If one looks at the method by which the nuclear fusion energy is obtained, with a sober eye, then one can understand that to connect two atoms into one requires a huge amount of energy. It is necessary to overcome the electrical resistance. In the currently under construction International Thermonuclear Reactor, which will be located in the city of Karadash in France, it is planned to connect two atoms, which are the easiest of those existing in nature. As a result of such a connection, a positive energy release is expected. These two atoms are tritium and deuterium. They are isotopes of hydrogen, so nuclear hydrogen synthesis will be the basis. To realize such a connection, an unthinkable temperature is needed - hundreds of millions of degrees. Of course, this will require tremendous pressure. For this reason, many scientists believe that cold controlled nuclear fusion is impossible.

Successes and failures

However, to justify this synthesis under consideration, it should be noted that among his fans there are not only people with delusions and scammers, but also quite normal specialists. After the presentation of Fleishman and Pons and the failure of their discovery, many scientists and scientific institutions continued to pursue this direction. It was not without Russian specialists who also made appropriate attempts. And the most interesting is that such experiments in some cases ended in success, and in some - failure.

However, in science everything is strict: if there was an opening, and the experiment was successful, then it must be repeated again with a positive result. If it is not so, such an opening will not be recognized by anybody. Moreover, the researchers themselves could not do the repetition of a successful experiment. In some cases, they did it, in others it did not. Because of what this happens, no one could explain, there is still no scientifically valid reason for this inconstancy.

A true inventor and genius

All of the above story with Fleishman and Pons has the other side of the coin, or rather, the truth carefully hidden by Western countries. The fact is that Stanley Pons was previously a citizen of the USSR. In 1970, he was a member of the expert staff, developing thermoemission units. Of course, Pons was devoted to many secrets of the Soviet state and, having emigrated to the United States, tried to implement them.

The true pioneer who achieved certain successes in the cold nuclear fusion was Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

Brief information about the Soviet scientist

IS Filimonenko died in 2013. He was a scientist who nearly stopped the entire development of nuclear energy not only in his country, but throughout the world. It was he who almost created the installation of nuclear cold synthesis, which, unlike nuclear power plants, would be safer and very cheap. In addition to this installation, the Soviet scientist created an aircraft based on the principle of anti-gravity. He was known as a denouncer of concealed dangers, which nuclear energy can bring to humanity. The scientist worked in the defense complex of the USSR, was an academician and an expert on radiation safety. It is noteworthy that some of the works of the academician, including the cold nuclear synthesis of Filimonenko, are still classified. Ivan Stepanovich was a direct participant in the creation of hydrogen, nuclear and neutron bombs, was developing nuclear reactors designed to launch missiles into space.

Installation of the Soviet Academician

In 1957, Ivan Filimonenko developed a power plant for cold nuclear fusion, with the help of which the country could save up to three hundred billion dollars a year, applying it in the energy sector. This invention of the scientist was initially fully supported by the state, as well as by such well-known scientific workers as Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. Further developments and bringing the invention Filimonenko to the ready state was authorized at that time by Marshal Zhukov himself. The discovery of Ivan Stepanovich was the source from which pure nuclear energy was to be extracted, and in addition, it could provide protection against nuclear radiation and eliminate the effects of radioactive contamination.

Filimonenko's removal from work

It is possible that after some time Ivan Filimonenko's invention would be produced on an industrial scale, and mankind would get rid of many problems. However, fate in the person of some people ordered otherwise. His colleagues Kurchatov and Korolev died, and Marshal Zhukov resigned. This was the beginning of the so-called undercover game in the scientific community. The result was the stoppage of all Filimonenko's works, and in 1967 his dismissal also occurred. An additional reason for this treatment with a well-deserved scientist was his struggle to stop the testing of nuclear weapons. By his works he constantly proved the harm to nature and directly to people, from his submission many projects were stopped to launch rockets with nuclear reactors into space (any accident on such a rocket, which occurred in orbit, could threaten the entire Earth with radioactive contamination). Given the arms race, which was gaining momentum at the time, Academician Filimonenko became disagreeable to some high-ranking individuals. His experimental installations are recognized as contradicting the laws of nature, the scientist himself is fired, expelled from the Communist Party, deprived of all titles and generally declared a mentally abnormal person.

Already at the end of the eighties and the beginning of the nineties the academician's work was resuming, new experimental installations were being developed, but all of them were not brought to a positive result. Ivan Filimonenko proposed the idea of using his mobile unit to eliminate the consequences in Chernobyl, but it was rejected. In the period from 1968 to 1989, Filimonenko was suspended from any tests and work in the direction of the cold fusion, and the developments, schemes and drawings, together with some Soviet scientists, were sent abroad.

In the early 1990s, the United States announced successful tests in which they allegedly received nuclear power as a result of a cold fusion. This served as an impetus to the fact that the legendary Soviet scientist once again remembered his state. He was reinstated, but that did not help either. By that time, the disintegration of the USSR began, funding was limited, respectively, and there were no results. As Ivan Stepanovich later said in an interview, seeing the incessant and at the same time unsuccessful attempts by many scientists from around the world to obtain positive results of cold nuclear fusion, he realized that without him no one can bring the matter to an end. And, indeed, he spoke the truth. From 1991 to 1993, American scientists who got the installation Filimonenko, and could not understand the principle of its operation, and a year later and completely dismantled it. In 1996, influential people from the United States offered Ivan Stepanovich $ 100 million just to give them advice, explaining how the cold fusion reactor works, to which he refused.

The essence of the experiments of the Soviet academician

Ivan Filimonenko by experiments established that as a result of the decomposition of the so-called heavy water by electrolysis, it decomposes into oxygen and deuterium. The latter, in turn, dissolves in the palladium of the cathode, in which nuclear fusion reactions develop. In the process, Filimonenko recorded the absence of both radioactive waste and neutron radiation. In addition, as a result of his experiments, Ivan Stepanovich found that his nuclear fusion reactor emits indefinite radiation, and it is this radiation that greatly reduces the half-life of radioactive isotopes. That is, radioactive contamination is neutralized.

There is an opinion that Filimonenko at one time refused to replace nuclear reactors with his installation in underground shelters prepared for the top leaders of the USSR in the event of a nuclear war. In those days, the Caribbean crisis raged , and therefore there was a very high possibility of its beginning. The ruling circles of the USA and the USSR stopped the fact that pollution from nuclear reactors would still kill all life after a few months in such underground cities. The engaged reactor of cold nuclear synthesis Filimonenko could create a zone of safety from radioactive contamination, therefore, if the academician agreed to this, the probability of a nuclear war could be increased several times. If this was indeed so, then depriving him of all awards and further repressions find their rationale.

Warm nuclear fusion

IS Filimonenko created a thermoemission hydrolysis power plant, which was absolutely environmentally friendly. To date, no one has been able to create such an analogue of the TEHEU. The essence of this setup and, at the same time, the difference from other similar aggregates was that it used not nuclear reactors, but nuclear fusion plants, occurring at an average temperature of 1150 degrees. Therefore, such an invention was called the installation of warm nuclear fusion. In the late eighties under the capital, in the city of Podolsk, 3 such installations were created. The Soviet academician Filimonenko took direct part in this, leading the entire process. The power of each TSEU was 12.5 kW, heavy water was used as the main fuel. Only one kilogram of the reaction gave off energy equivalent to the one that can be obtained by burning two million kilograms of gasoline! This alone indicates the bulk and significance of the great scientist's inventions, that the cold nuclear reactions of synthesis that he developed could bring the required result.

Thus, at present it is not known for certain whether the cold fusion has a right to exist or not. It is possible that if it were not for reprisals against the true genius of the science of Filimonenko, the world would now be no longer that, and the life expectancy of people could increase many times. After all, even then Ivan Filimonenko claimed that radioactive radiation is the cause of people's aging and death. It is radiation, which now is literally everywhere, not to mention megacities, violates human chromosomes. Maybe that's why the biblical characters lived for a thousand years, since at that time, probably, this harmful radiation did not exist.

The installation created by academician Filimonenko in the long term could save the planet from such killing pollutions, in addition, providing an inexhaustible source of cheap energy. So it or not, time will tell, however it is a pity that this time could already come.