Neurology: cerebral symptoms of brain damage

The neurologist has to turn to everyone, even when there seems to be no evidence - not a single necessary certificate, even for a child, though for an adult, does not do without the advice and signature of this narrow specialist. The neurologist is responsible for diagnosing and treating the diseases of the entire human nervous system, both central and peripheral. But this is a special sphere of body activity, it is responsible for all processes, controls and directs them. And cerebral symptoms serve as indicators of a serious problem requiring the work of a neurologist, as well as other specialists.

Put the right diagnosis is the main thing

общемозговые и менингеальные симптомы, для врача самое важное - установить причину их появления, связав ее с конкретным повреждением или травмированием опреденного участка головного мозга или его оболочки. When the patient observes such obvious signs of a problem as cerebral and meningeal symptoms, it is most important for the doctor to establish the cause of their appearance, linking it with a specific injury or trauma to the specific area of the brain or its shell. общемозговые симптомы при инсульте, черепно-мозговых травмах, токсических поражениях, опухолях, воспалительных и инфекционных заболеваниях, выделяется всего четыре: The main reasons for the emergence of cerebral symptoms in stroke, craniocerebral trauma, toxic lesions, tumors, inflammatory and infectious diseases, there are only four:

• Disturbance of liquorodynamics - development, circulation and reverse absorption of cerebral fluid - cerebrospinal fluid;
• Increased intracranial pressure;
• Irritation of the membranes of the brain and blood vessels;
• Increased brain volume.

Each of these causes of cerebral symptoms does not arise by itself - everything has an explanation. And to find out why the infringement occurred in order to prescribe an adequate treatment for the disease, is the task of a neurologist.

What are the symptoms of brain damage?

Many conditions are characterized by similar symptoms, and they can not always be associated with a disruption of the nervous system. как быть нарушением работы пищеварительного тракта, так и иметь под собой нарушение деятельности мозга. For example, nausea and vomiting can both be a violation of the digestive tract, and have a violation of brain activity. Symptomatic neurologic symptoms specialists identify in this way:

• headache;
• dizziness;
• Impaired consciousness;
• Convulsions;
• nausea, vomiting.

This division is global, each item is divided into several separate simtomas of different etiology. The task of a specialist from the complex appearance of symptoms is to get an extremely clear picture of the problem. бщемозговые симптомы уже достаточно хорошо изучены, они имеют определенные признаки, по которым можно установить область нарушения. Many of the cerebral symptoms are already well understood, they have certain signs that can be used to establish the area of the disorder. Such symptomatic complexes are called syndromes and have a specific name.

Neurology for help

For a neurologist, as for any other medical specialist, the most important thing is to establish the cause of the problem. It is extremely difficult to do this to a neurologist. Observed symptoms and syndromes are just the consequences of a disorder, a disease. The most important thing is to find out the source. The cerebral symptoms of pathogenesis can be very different, because any disturbances in brain activity lead to the appearance of visible problems. But to establish a specific point of their appearance, as well as what made this point appear - the most basic. The diagnosis of neurological diseases is a matter of a thorough comprehensive examination. бщемозговые симптомы могут иметь очень разные причины появления, но только от верно поставленного диагноза, который расскажет о причине их возникновения, зависит результат лечения. About cerebral symptoms may have very different causes of appearance, but only from a correctly diagnosed diagnosis that tells about the cause of their occurrence depends on the outcome of the treatment.

Focal or common lesions

Depending on the location of the localization, as well as the area of the brain damage with various disorders, cerebral and focal symptoms manifest themselves. They differ qualitatively. Focal symptoms are manifested when the affected part of the brain, responsible for its own, a special function of life. Therefore, focal symptoms can be:

• Aprakticheskie (purposeful actions and movements);
• Flavoring;
• Motor;
• Respiratory;
• Visual;
• Olfactory;
• Mental;
• Speech;
• Auditory.

Due to the observation of loss of any vital functions for which this or that part of the brain is responsible, one can speak about his trauma. A complex manifestation of focal and cerebral symptoms is most often observed together, although it sometimes happens that the disease or trauma is manifested only by one type of symptoms.

Tumors of the brain

The fact that cancer is becoming one of the most common, covering the world's population of all ages, says a lot. Cancer is younger, although diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are constantly being improved, which makes it possible to combat this terrible disease in some cases quite successfully. Brain tumors are not the most common type of cancer, but they are belatedly diagnosed when the patient is already very difficult or even impossible to help. не являются какими-то особенными, атипичными, что определяет сложность постановки диагноза. General cerebral symptoms in brain tumors are not special, atypical, which determines the complexity of the diagnosis.

If there is a brain tumor, a long "silence" of the organism is possible, and it is through this that such diseases are diagnosed in the late stages. This is due to the fact that some zones, as experts say, are "dumb". The tumor has arisen, grows, and they do not react in any way and do not inform their "master" that something bad is happening.

General cerebral symptoms - headache, nausea - are associated with overwork, migraine, but not with a fatal illness. But when the general state of health seriously worsens, and the search for the problem takes a long time and it irretrievably goes away, a person is sentenced to death.

Symptoms with oncology of the brain manifest both cerebral and focal. Clinicians say that when a tumor occurs, you can not exactly say which of them will be primary and which ones are secondary. It all depends on the characteristics of the neoplasm, because some tumors grow slowly, causing at first cerebral infringements. And some - aggressive, rigidly affecting the focus of education, and only then, as a result of growth, causing cerebral symptoms. With the growth of the tumor, the manifestation of all kinds of symptoms and syndromes increases, depriving the person of the opportunity to perform certain functions. It is possible to diagnose the presence of neoplasm only when performing a comprehensive survey using clinical analyzes, instrumental and hardware research.

Craniocerebral trauma

Craniocerebral trauma is a common type of trauma, either with a direct impact on the head-a stroke or a fall-and indirectly with a sudden braking of the car in which the passenger is fastened with a seat belt, or when jumping from height to foot or back, The so-called concussion. The cerebrospinal symptoms at TBI determine, first of all, the degree of brain damage in trauma.

Concussion is characterized by moderately or poorly expressed cerebral symptoms and is determined by short-term loss of consciousness (1-3 minutes), tachycardia, sleep disturbance, sweating, weakness, fast-passing (no more than 72 hours) focal symptoms.

The bruise of the brain is determined in more pronounced cerebral and local symptoms: the victim's consciousness loses for almost an hour, he has severe nausea and recurrent vomiting, severe headaches. Also, with a contusion of the brain, focal symptoms of those zones, on which the bruise has fallen, are clearly manifested.

The compression of the brain is determined by the presence of a hematoma formed from the spongy substance of the damaged bones of the skull or from the bleeding of the shell artery. The cerebral symptoms with such trauma are not pronounced brightly at first to be diagnosed. And in general, initially when the brain is squeezed by the hematoma, the so-called light gap or apparent improvement comes, the patient and does not suspect that his life is in serious danger, he tries to lead the old way of life, but suddenly the impending deterioration can lead if not to death , Then to disability. Therefore, in many cases, squeezing the brain requires prompt surgical intervention, although in some cases, therapy is conservative.

Stroke

One of the most common and commonly known forms of brain damage is a stroke. общемозгового расстройства при прединсультном состоянии известны абсолютному большинству обывателей: головные боли, головокружение, шумы в ушах, ухудшение работоспособности, нарушение сна. Symptoms of cerebral palsy with pre-dyspersic state are known to the absolute majority of the inhabitants: headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, deterioration of working capacity, sleep disturbance. But more often than not they pay little attention to them, considering them insignificant and not carrying danger. Stroke the same experts are also called a vascular catastrophe of the brain, which though has forerunners, but, as always, happens suddenly. бщемозговые симптомы при инсульте являются характерными для любого из двух видов мозговой катастрофы: O cerebral symptoms in stroke are characteristic of any of the two types of brain catastrophe:

• Hemorrhagic stroke - develops as a result of rupture of the blood vessel of the brain;
• Ischemic stroke - as a violation of blood flow due to clogging of blood vessels - thromboses and sclerotic plaques.

Also, strokes are divided by severity:

• Mild severity - symptomatic manifestations are mild and last for 3 weeks;
• Stroke of medium severity is characterized by pronounced focal symptoms, while cerebral lesions may be absent altogether, the patient is conscious all the time;
• A severe degree of stroke is characterized by the global development of cerebral disorders, oppression of the patient's consciousness.

Brain cerebral symptoms of cerebral infarction are typical for middle and severe brain damage. This is a headache that can increase with time, nausea and recurrent vomiting, dizziness. Also for instultov these degrees of gravity are characterized by loss of consciousness, short-term or prolonged, drowsiness or, conversely, arousal, a feeling of heat, dry mouth, pain in the eyes, convulsions. Focal symptoms are manifested depending on the location of the injury and the capture of areas of the brain shell by destruction.

Diagnosis of a stroke is carried out only in a medical specialized institution. If you have time to deliver a patient for examination and emergency care in the so-called period of the therapeutic window, which is 3 to 6 hours after the onset of brain damage in stroke, the consequences of the disease can be significantly reduced. It should be remembered that mortality as a result of strokes ranks second after coronary heart disease among cardiovascular diseases.

Inflammatory diseases

About tick-borne encephalitis say a lot and regularly with the onset of spring heat, warning of the terrible danger of tick bites - carriers of the disease. But encephalitis is a group of inflammatory diseases of the brain. They are divided into primary and secondary, because it is often impossible to identify the cause of the development of inflammatory brain damage. With the development of such a lesion of different etiology to cerebral symptoms include:

• headache;
• nausea;
• Increased body temperature;
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia);
• Impaired consciousness;
• drowsiness;
• Seizures of epilepsy.

If the disease turns into a severe form, then paresis and paralysis, stiff neck, coma, changes in blood and cerebrospinal parameters indicating an inflammatory process can develop. Diagnosis is assisted by puncture of cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Brain cerebral symptoms in inflammatory brain diseases and clinical analyzes allow us to clearly identify the cause and causative agent and prescribe drug therapy.

Toxic lesions

The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and the beneficial substances that it receives with blood. But in the same way, unnecessary substances - toxins and poisons - enter the brain and get into the blood in some way. The toxic damage of the brain develops. Specialists identify two problems of this state:

• Toxic encephalopathy;
• Encephalopolyeuropathy.

The organism does not care how the toxins got into it, it reacts sharply to such an invasion. In the first place, toxic poisoning affects brain cells. Especially dangerous is the long-term effect of toxic agents when changes can become irreversible. Substances that have an adverse effect on the human brain are:

• alcohol;
• Narcotic substances of plant and synthetic origin;
• heavy metals;
• A certain group of drugs with prolonged or uncontrolled admission;
• Poisons.

General cerebral symptoms of brain damage when exposed to toxic and toxic substances will be as follows:

• headache;
• nausea;
• Dizziness;
• Impaired consciousness.

With such types of brain damage, focal disorders will necessarily manifest themselves. Experts divide them into three groups:

• Cerebellar-vestibular complex - the so-called feeling of intoxication;
• Hypothalamic complex - is explained by a violation of the hypothalamus function - the brain department that controls the homeostasis and neuroendocrine activity of the whole organism;
• Extrapyramidal complex - disorders of motor activity of skeletal muscles.

Toxic lesions are diagnosed by the detection of a poison agent, as well as by hardware methods such as MRI.

Meningitis

Neurology distinguishes a disease as a separate item, such as meningitis. относится к воспалительно-вирусным поражениям нервной системы и головного мозга, но имеет свои характеристики и последствия. Although it refers to the inflammatory-viral lesions of the nervous system and brain, it has its own characteristics and consequences. So, with meningitis, whatever it may be, brain shells are affected, not the brain itself, as well as the spinal cord. Specialists distinguish two types of meningitis:

• meningitis;
• Pachymeningitis.

These terms are an inflammatory disease of the soft and arachnoid shells of the brain and the hard shell, respectively. общемозговые симптомы. For each type of meningitis, it is common that the disease manifests cerebral symptoms. Neurology distinguishes several ways of grading meningo-diseases, one of which is based on the identification of the pathogen - a pathogenic microorganism. общемозговые симптомы при менингите. Depending on what the disease has caused, a clinical picture and cerebral symptoms with meningitis will appear .

• Meningococcal meningitis is characterized by suddenness, body temperature rises rapidly, there is a headache and multiple vomiting as a result of increased intracranial pressure. For this type, certain postures are characteristic that give the doctor an opportunity to immediately prescribe an adequate diagnosis - the head is thrown back to the back, legs are brought to the stomach, which is drawn in, and the back is arched. These are the so-called meningeal signs of brain damage. With the course of the disease, there are disorders of consciousness - nonsense, confusion of thoughts, paralysis, coma may develop. There are seizures, one of which can become lethal.
• Serous meningitis is caused by enteroviruses and the poliovirus. The following general cerebral symptoms are typical for this type of disease: headaches and vomiting after the period of the normal course of the disease, fever, common signs of meningitis develop - tension of the occipital muscles, arched back. To this type of disease, the type of causative agent of the disease, include tuberculosis and viral meningitis.
• Protozoal meningitis is caused by intracellular parasites. This type of disease is characterized by the initial appearance of pain in the muscles and joints, rashes like a measles, an increase in some of the lymph glands. Then there are such general cerebral symptoms as headache and vomiting, and meningeal symptoms - rigidity of the occipital muscles, bending of the legs.

Any form of meningitis is dangerous because the cause of the disease is difficult to detect at the initial stages of the disease. Setting an adequate diagnosis requires certain medical measures - fetal spinal fluid intake, the so-called lumbar puncture. It allows to identify the causative agent and prescribe quality therapy. Also, meningitis is dangerous because of its complications as a result of inadequate treatment or incorrect therapy started in time.

Diagnosis of the problem

Some cerebrovascular symptoms by an absolute majority of ordinary inhabitants are perceived as something insignificant, quick-passing, connected with problems in life. These are headaches and nausea - with overwork, wrong nutrition, stress. And most do not pay attention to them, taking symptomatic medications and not thinking about finding the starting point of the problem. But with time general cerebral symptoms expand, focal signs of brain damage appear, the problem becomes urgent, but often the time for its adequate solution is missed. In the diagnosis of neurological problems, all possible methods that modern medicine has to use - from various kinds of analyzes to hardware diagnostics such as MRI, CT, should be used. Only in time the correct diagnosis will allow to cure the disease without consequences for human health and life.