Movement of plants. What is the difference between the movement of plants and the movement of animals? Growth of plants

At first glance, the world of plants seems to be immovable. But when you observe, you can make sure that this is not quite true. The movement of plants is very slow. They grow, and this proves that they are making certain growth movements. If you plant the seed of the bean in the soil, under favorable conditions it begins to grow, digging the soil, to bear two cotyledons. Under the influence of heat and light, they begin to turn green and move upward. Within two months, the fruit appears on the plant.

Growth rate of plants

To notice the movement, you can make a special video. As a result, what happens in a day can be observed in a few seconds. Growth movements of plants are accelerated hundreds of times: before their eyes, shoots break their way through the soil, buds bloom on the trees, flower buds bloom and blossom. In reality, bamboo grows very fast - 0.6 mm per minute. An even higher growth rate is possessed by some fungal fruiting bodies. Diktifor increases in size by 5 mm in just one minute. The lowest mobility is possessed by lower plants - algae and fungi. For example, chlamydomonas (algae) can quickly move with the flagella in the aquarium to the sunlit side. Also, many zoospores move, which serve for reproduction (in algae and fungi). But back to more complex plants. Flowering perform various movements that are associated with the growth process. They are of two kinds - they are tropisms and nastia.

Tropism

Tropism is called a one-sided movement, which reacts to any irritating factors: light, chemicals, gravity. If you place on the windowsill seedlings of grains of barley or oats, after a while they all turn in the direction of the street. Such a movement of plants to light is called phototropism. In this case, plants use solar energy better.

Many people ask: why does the stem extend upwards, and the root grows down? Such examples of plant movement are called geotropism. In this case, the stem and root react differently to the force of gravity. The movement is directed in different directions. The stem extends upwards, in the opposite direction from the action of gravity, - this is negative geotropism. The root behaves differently, it grows in the direction of the movements of gravity - this is positive geotropism. All tropisms are divided into positive and negative.

For example, a pollen tube grows in pollen grains. On the plant of its kind, the growth goes straight and reaches the ovule, this phenomenon is called positive hemotropism. If the pollen grains hit a different kind of flower, then the tube bends when grown, does not grow straight, this process prevents the fertilization of the egg. It becomes obvious that the substances isolated by the pestle on the plants of their species cause positive chemotrophy, negative for the alien species.

The discovery of Darwin

Now it is clear that tropisms play a big role in the process of plant movement. The first to study the causes that cause tropism, began the great Englishman Charles Darwin. It was they who found that the stimulation is perceived at the point of growth, while the bend is lower in the stretching zones of the cells. The scientist suggested that at the point of growth there is a substance flowing into the stretching zone, where a bend occurs. Contemporaries of Darwin did not understand and did not take this innovative idea of his. Only in the twentieth century, scientists have proven by experience that the discovery was right. It turned out that in the cones of growth (in the stem and root), a certain hormone, heteroauxin, is formed, otherwise - beta-indolylacetic organic acid. Lighting influences the distribution of this substance. On the shadow side of heteroauxin is less, on the solar side - more. The hormone accelerates the metabolism and therefore the shade side tends to bend toward the illumination.

Nastia

Let's get acquainted with other features of the movement of plants, which are called nastia. These movements are associated with diffuse influences of environmental conditions. Nastia, in turn, can be positive and negative.

Inflorescences of dandelion (basket) in bright light open, and at dusk, in poor light, - they close. Such a process is called a photon. With fragrant tobacco, everything is the other way around: when the light diminishes, the flowers begin to unfold. There is a negative kind of photon.

With a decrease in air temperature, the flowers of saffron are closed - this is a manifestation of the thermon. Nastia in its base also have uneven growth. With a strong growth of the upper sides of the petals there is an opening, and if the lower ones have a greater force, the flower is closed.

Contractile movements

In some species, the movement of parts of plants occurs faster than growth. For example, in acidic or shy mimosa, there are contractile movements.

Shy mimosa grows in India. She immediately folds her leaves, if you touch her. In our forests grows sour, call her also hare cabbage. As early as 1871, Professor Batalin noticed the amazing properties of this plant. One day, returning from a forest walk, the scientist gathered a bunch of scab. When shaking on a cobblestone road (he was riding a cab), the leaves of the plant formed. So the professor became interested in this phenomenon and a new property was discovered: under the influence of stimuli, the plant folds the leaves.

In the evening, the leaves of the muslin also form, and in cloudy weather this occurs earlier. In strong sunlight, the same reaction occurs, but the opening of the leaves is then restored in about 40-50 minutes.

Movement mechanism

So how do the leaves of the scurvy and the bashful mimosa perform contractile movements? This mechanism is associated with the contractile protein, which comes into play upon irritation. With the reduction of proteins, energy is expended in the process of breathing. It accumulates in the plant in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). When stimulated, ATP decomposes, the bond with the contractile proteins breaks down, the energy contained in ATP is released. As a result of this process, the leaves are added together. Only after a certain time ATP is formed again, this is due to the process of breathing. And only then the leaves can open again.

We found out what movements the plants make (mimosa and acid mullet), responding to irritating factors. It should be noted that the reduction occurs not only with changes in the environment, it is also related to internal factors (the process of breathing). Kislitsa folds the leaves with the onset of darkness, but it does not begin to open them at sunrise, but at night, when enough ATP accumulates in the cells and the connection with the contractile proteins is restored.

Features

The plant movement shown in the example has its own peculiarities. Observation of the acid in nature brought some surprises. In a meadow with a mass of plants of this species, when all the plants are open, specimens with closed leaves were found. As it turned out, these plants bloomed at this time (although in summer the flowers have an unattractive appearance). When flowering, acid sorrel spends a lot of substances for the formation of flowers, to open the leaves it just does not have enough energy.

If we compare animals and plants, it is worth noting that they have the same causes for contractile movements. There are similar reactions to the stimulus, and there is a latent period of irritation. In the acid it is 0.1 s. At a mimosa at long irritation he makes 0,14 with.

Reaction to touch

Considering the movements of plants, it is worth noting that there are specimens that are able to change the tension of tissues when they touch them. Everyone knows a rabid cucumber in a mature state with irritation capable of spitting out seeds. The turgor of the inner tissue of the pericarp is unevenly raised with loss of water or with pressure, and the fetus immediately opens. A similar picture arises when touching a plant is touchy. It is possible that the nests are dominated not by growth but by contractile movements, but this is still being investigated by scientists.

General classification of plant movements

The movement of plants by scientists as a whole is classified as follows:

• Movement of the cytoplasm and organoids - intracellular movement.
• Locomotor movement of cells using special flagella.
• Growth based on the growth of growth cells - this includes the lengthening of roots, shoots, axial organs, growth of leaves.
• Growth of root hairs, pollen tubes, protoneme of mosses, that is, apical growth.
• Traffic stomata - turgor revolutions.

Locomotor movements and cytoplasmic movements are inherent in both plant and animal cells. The other types belong exclusively to plants.

Movement of animals

The main movements of plants we have considered. How do animals move and what are the differences between these processes in animals and plants?

Any species of animals have the ability to move in space, unlike plants. In many respects it depends on the environment. Organisms are able to move under the ground, on the surface, in water, in the air and so on. In many, the ability to move in many ways is similar to the human. Everything depends on various factors: the structure of the skeleton, the presence of limbs, their shape and much more. Movement of animals is divided into several types, the main ones are as follows:

• Amoebic . This movement is typical for amoebae - the same name organisms. The body of such organisms is unicellular, it is moved by means of false feet - special outgrowths.
• The simplest . Similar to amoeba movement. The simplest single-celled organisms are moved by means of rotational, vibrational, wave-like movements around their own torso.
• Reactive . This type of motion also characterizes the simplest organisms. In this case, the forward movement occurs due to the release of a special mucus that pushes the body.
• Muscular . The most perfect type of movement that is characteristic of all multicellular. This also includes man - the highest creation of nature.

What is the difference between the movement of plants and the movement of animals

Each animal in its movement pursues a goal - it is the search for food, change of place, protection against attacks, reproduction and much more. The main property of any movement is the movement of the whole organism as a whole. In other words, the animal moves completely by the whole body. This is the main answer to the question of how the movements of plants differ from animal movements.

The vast majority of plants lead an attached existence. The root system is a necessary part for this, it is located motionless in a particular place. If the plant is separated from the root, it will simply perish. They can not move independently in space.

Many plants are able to perform any contractile movements, as described above. They are able to open petals, fold leaves when irritated, and even catch insects (flycatcher). But all these movements occur in a certain place, where this plant grows.

conclusions

Plant movements are very different from animal movements, but they do exist. Growth of plants is a vivid confirmation of this. The main differences between them are as follows:

• The plant is in one place, in most cases has a root. Any species of animals are able to move around in a variety of ways.
• In their movements, animals always have a definite purpose.
• The animal moves around with the whole body. The plant is capable of moving its separate parts.

Movement is life, everyone knows this saying. All living organisms on our planet are capable of movement, even if it has any differences.