International development banks. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Regional lending institutions provide loans and technical assistance to states with a view to their social and economic development. To date, the Inter-American, African, Asian banks operate. They are united by goals and directions of activity. In this article, we will examine in detail the existing international development banks.

Purpose

International development banks were formed for a number of reasons:

1) increasing the role of countries in the world community;

2) the need to address issues that are not always taken into account by the IMF;

3) attraction of external resources of financing with the purpose of granting a loan;

4) support for cooperation and economic integration of countries;

5) the interest of MPRB members (mostly non-regional) in stimulating exports.

Differences and commonalities

International development banks have a differentiated level of social, cultural, economic development of countries. But they pursue similar goals: stimulating a comprehensive growth of regions. Great attention is paid to the fight against poverty in Asia and Africa.

About a third of the members of credit institutions are developed countries. They own most of the capital, they affect the activities of organizations. Any decision taken by international regional development banks (IDB, ADB, AfDB) can be blocked by the US, Japan, and Nigeria.

The votes of the participants are distributed according to the contributed capital. Although, according to the Charter, the majority should belong to regional members, but their specific weight has now been reduced to a minimum (approximately 50.02%) due to the increase in the number of developed countries in the composition.

ICBMs

The Inter-American Development Bank is an intergovernmental organization set up to lend to programs in Latin America as far back as 1959. The Board is in Washington, the governing body is the Governing Council, which is elected for five years. The bank has 27 regional and 20 non-regional shareholders. The authorized capital is $ 34 billion, the United States has 30% of the vote. Resources are mobilized from international capital markets. The Bank provides loans on standard commercial terms.

ADB

The African Development Bank was founded by the Organization of African Unity with a view to contributing to the economic development of the entire continent. Own capital is 100 billion dollars. It is interesting that the member countries contributed only 7.6% of this amount, the rest remained in the form of a guaranteed payment. Under them, ADB attracts additional funds in the loan capital market . The organization has no resource problems. But most of the capital is concentrated in African countries.

ADB

The resources of the Asian Development Bank are aimed at stimulating the growth of the economies of Asia and the Far East. The headquarters is located in the Philippines. The funds are provided to both participants and legal entities. The average loan amount is 15 million dollars. The main areas of investment are industry, transport, agriculture, energy, and the financial sector. Funds are allocated from the funds. The usual is intended for lending at an interest rate of 5% for 15-25 years. Special is used for long-term loans (25-40 years) at 1-3%. Grace period is 3-5 and 10 years.

IBRD

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established in 1944 by 170 member states. It is also called the World. The function of IBRD is to provide loans to governments of developing countries and state organizations. The recipient is obliged to use the funds for the intended purpose. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a credit institution, which at the very beginning of its activity was called upon to pay attention to the restoration of the economy of all countries of the world.

Features of loans

Members of the bank can only be members of the IMF. The capital of the institution is created by subscription in accordance with the share calculated for each state, depending on its economic potential. The largest quota (17.5%) and the number of votes (17%) belong to the United States of America. The bank lends only loans to solvent borrowers, does not transfer the terms of payments on loans, so it never receives damages. The institution has accumulated a lot of experience in project financing. Its functioning constantly accounts for more than half of the annual amount of funds that are allocated by all participants.

The bank's resources include equity, income, medium- and long-term loans. Members' contributions account for less than 5% of the IBRD's budget. Governments buy shares in a preliminarily agreed amount, which is determined by the level of economic development of the state, but they pay only a small part of their cost. The balance is "demand money", in case the bank incurs huge losses. This capital can be sent only to payment of funds on bonds.

Management

The executive body of the institution is the Directorate. It relies on 5 committees: audit, administrative, personnel policy, development of regulations, cost-effectiveness. Coordination of the activities of the IBRD and the IMF deals with the Governing Council. He considers such issues: the interaction of politicians in industrialized countries, the reduction of indebtedness of industrial regions, the development of the private sector, and also prepares reports for managers.

CB "International Development Bank"

ICBM is a metropolitan credit institution, the main activities of which are operations with debt securities, loans and RKO. It was founded in 1994. In the structure of the owners, small Moscow firms were noticed: Alexis Concept, FC Garant, Galeon-TM. To date, the commercial development bank reports to Intergasneft and Urengoymontazhpromstroy.

The institution includes a head office and two additional offices in the capital. The International Development Bank (Moscow) is focused on buying and selling bonds. Corporate clients are provided with a classic set of services, including lending and cash settlement. Borrowers are mainly trading companies. Private customers have access to all services except car loans and mortgages. In total, the financial institution has 5 thousand customers.

Capital

In the structure of net assets, a significant proportion is held by bonds of Russian issuers (45%) and loan portfolio (37%). The Commercial Development Bank has a large amount of reserves (48%) and overdue debts (26%). At the beginning of the third quarter of 2013, the institution attracted about a third of the liabilities from the inter-bank lending market. Another quarter occupy the balance on deposits of corporate clients, 4% account for the funds of individuals. Despite significant deductions, in the rating of the banks of Russia CB "ICBM" occupies the 373rd place.

Conclusion

The international development banks are established by public and private organizations with a view to facilitating the economic and social advancement of states. They are also united by the same lines of activity. But any decision of such an organization can be corrected by the participating country with the largest number of votes.