How is the topographic survey of land. Topographical survey of the land for gasification

To obtain a plan of a part of the terrain, a topographic survey is performed . карты, представленной ниже, видны обозначения объектов, рельеф, контуры территории. On the sample map, shown below, you can see the designations of objects, relief, contours of the territory. Such a document can be used to create other different schemes, plans, etc.

Mode

может осуществляться в цифровом или аналоговом режиме. Topographical survey of land can be carried out in digital or analog mode. The choice depends on the method of storage and provision of information to the customer.

или карт) на бумажных носителях. Analog mode involves the issuance of materials ( topographic plans or maps) on paper.

The digital mode is currently considered preferable. , хранится на магнитных носителях, дисках, флешках и пр. In this case, all the information obtained during the topographic survey of the land plot is stored on magnetic media, disks, flash drives, etc.

Data collection technology

разделяется на: According to this criterion, the topographic survey of land plots is divided into:

1. Terrestrial.
2. Aerial photography.
3. Combined.

The first is carried out directly from the ground. разделяется на несколько видов в зависимости от используемой технологии. Surface topographic survey of land plots is divided into several types depending on the technology used. She may be:

1. Mensul.
2. Tacheometric.
3. Vertical.
4. Theodolite (horizontal).
5. Phototheodolite.

Free-Shooting

рисуется на местности. When it is executed, the topographic plan is drawn on the terrain. As a result, the received card is of high quality. However, the mesh survey requires a large amount of fieldwork. Their implementation depends on the weather. Accordingly, labor productivity in this case is rather low. At present, the mensule method is practically not used.

Tacheometric survey

Use this method is possible regardless of the weather conditions. Measuring information is collected on the ground. The map (plan) is compiled in a cameral setting (indoors).

One of the advantages of this method is the ability to automate the process of collecting and further processing the received data. This is provided by using modern electronic devices.

Photo-photodolithic survey

When you perform it, you take a photograph of the terrain from two points on the base. They call the distance measured with high accuracy, the ends of which are fixed in the terrain centers. Photographing is carried out with the parallel arrangement of the optical axes of the equipment.

Pictures obtained during the procedure allow creating a stereoscopic model of the terrain site. Special devices are used for this. On them, you can get a topographic plan (map) based on the coordinates of the camera setup points, determined by geodetic measurements, the height at which the center of the lens is located, and other parameters of the external orientation.

Aerial photography

It is considered the main method of state mapping of the terrain. Aerial photography is carried out, as a rule, stereotopographically.

The terrain is photographed by an aerial camera from a helicopter or airplane. The task of the process is to get two adjacent pictures of one section - stereoscopic images. Their processing and drawing of the card is performed on stereoscopic devices in the office environment.

Generalized execution scheme

составляется с учетом ее вида и метода, используемых приборов, масштаба карты и прочих факторов. A specific instruction on topographic survey is made taking into account its type and method, the instruments used, the scale of the map and other factors. Meanwhile, without going into the details of one way or another, you can draw up a generalized scheme for shooting. It can include the following steps:

1. Drawing up a technical project.
2. Collection of data on previously conducted topographical and geodetic work on the ground.
3. Selecting the shooting method.
4. Creation of a core network (if it is not on the ground).
5. Shooting.
6. Processing of materials.
7. Create a model.
8. Printout of the card.

The filming network is necessary to thicken local and state networks to a certain density. Its norms depend on the type of survey and are regulated by instructions and other sectoral acts.

Design

As a starting point for him is the task of conducting topography. It is issued by the customer. The assignment specifies:

1. The location of the object and its area.
2. Scale of the map (plan).
3. Term of performance of works.

In the assignment, essential, according to the customer, requirements to the accuracy and completeness of the image of the elements of the object can be formulated.

Shooting Option

It depends on the area of the object, the scale of the map, the capabilities of the performer and other factors. If, based on the results of the preliminary analysis of the object, it turns out that topography can be performed in different ways, preference is given to the cheapest one.

At the end of the design phase, an estimate is made, questions of the organization of work and safety precautions are discussed.

Topographical survey of the land for gasification

It is a set of works aimed at creating a map of the terrain for the subsequent design and laying of the gas pipeline. When carrying out such a survey, certain conditions must be met:

1. The map is drawn on a scale of 1: 500. At the same time, all ground / underground communications and facilities must be present on it. The card is coordinated with the enterprises operating these facilities.
2. The plan should show the existing gas pipelines, their characteristics.
3. The survey should be coordinated with a servicing gas company (for example, in Moscow it is Mosoblgaz). The original plan is stamped by an engineer.
4. Drawings should be accompanied by a situational plan for the location of the object.

Cost of the procedure

формируется из двух показателей – стоимости самих работ и оплаты согласования. The price of a topographic survey is formed from two indicators - the cost of the works themselves and payment of the approval.

The cost of shooting depends on the area of the site and the adjacent territory, which must be removed to create a gas pipeline project from home to the section of the tie-in to the highway.

If you take the average property in the Moscow region, the price of topography will be at least 10 thousand rubles. For large customers, project companies, as well as in a group order, discounts may be provided.

The reconciliation is paid separately, in accordance with the invoice issued. The customer can transfer the funds himself or entrust it to the enterprise that performs topography. In the first case, he will be able to save money, but will lose time.

Notation on topography

They are special signs, with which the map displays objects located on the ground. The main scale of the plans: 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 500 and 1: 1000. Designations, like the scale, are regulated by regulatory documents, including government regulations.

In accordance with GOST, the notation on topography is divided into:

• Linear;
• Area;
• Explanatory;
• Special;
• Scale.

Appointment

The designations provided by the norms help to "read" the terrain. Based on the survey data with the help of signs, new projects are being created.

Topographic maps differ from the usual geographical universality. Topoplanes indicate not only the objective characteristics of the relief, but also the composition of vegetation, industrial, industrial facilities, engineering and technical communications, and the location of settlements.

Designation of engineering communications

They are considered compulsory. The topographic plan displays:

• Telephone networks;
• Power lines;
• Water and gas pipelines;
• Other communications.

The designation of networks is carried out by a linear method: dashed or straight solid lines. Their thickness is different. For example:

1. Surface active communications and pipelines are displayed with a solid straight line of 0.3 mm.
2. Projected, inoperative, damaged terrestrial networks are indicated by dotted lines 0.2 mm thick.

On the intersections of communications with other objects, around the frame (every five centimeters) a letter characterizing the transported raw materials (the product of the pipeline or the network) is integrated into the line:

• Literature G indicates that gas is transported through the network. The gas pipeline can be indicated on the map as a solid line (if it is above ground) or intermittent (if underground).
• B is the water supply.
• T - heating main.
• K - sewerage.
• H - oil pipeline.

Often, topographical plans indicate the pressure in the mains, the thickness of the pipes and the material of which they are made, the voltage in the power lines and the number of wires. In this case, an explanatory letter of a smaller register or a number is added to the first capital letter. For example, the designation "Cl" is a storm drainage, and "KB" is a domestic sewage system.