History of the bank. Bank: how it was created?

Banks give the population undeniable advantages. They accumulate financial resources, conduct various payment transactions, issue loans and serve different categories of securities. In this review we will consider the history of the emergence of banks.

Origin of banks

The first usurers began to appear in ancient times. They gave their fellow tribesmen in debt valuable things with the obligation to return them after a while with interest. After that, financial organizations began to be formed, which carried out various operations with valuable items. This is how the history of the bank was born.

The bank ("banko") in translation from Italian means "money table". The very first body in the modern concept was the Bank of Genoa (1407). In England, the first financial body was established in 1664, after which the trade and economic policy was immediately introduced. In the US, this event occurred in 1781 (with the advent of the bank in Philadelphia).

The emergence of banks in Russia

The history of the emergence of banks in our country has its roots since 1665. Voevod Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin attempted to establish the organization under consideration, but his efforts were not approved by the government. The idea was realized in 1733, during the period of power of Anna Ioanovna, which allowed to issue a loan. In 1754, under Elizabeth in St. Petersburg, the state and merchant bank was created. Provisions were considered jewelry or possessions with serfs, as well as bails of rich people. In 1757, a bill of exchange was introduced in Russia. In 1769, during the reign of Catherine II, bank notes were introduced. Over time, the history of Russian financial institutions was supplemented by new developments.

Information on the formation of commercial banks

The history of commercial banks starts from the distant past. The first organization was established in 1817. It was intended for merchants and carried out exchange operations, payments. Later it became possible to issue a short-term loan for the production sector, and traders could take loans to replenish working capital, factors of production, payroll. Gradually increased the terms of loans.

In Russia, the first commercial bank appeared in St. Petersburg (1864). Its authorized capital was 5 million rubles. Officially registering the banks began in August 1888. They influenced the economic situation in the state, but at first they enjoyed very low confidence and many people did not dare to invest their savings there. Over time, the situation changed and customers often turned to commercial banks, so they became more popular. A year later, there were 43 of them in our country. Later this number increased.

Later, two laws were adopted, in which they were informed about the conditions for the bank's opening and methods of control over them. An act on a two-tier banking system was enacted, at the head of which the Central Bank began to speak. History is further supplemented by a new event: commercial organizations received an independent status in attracting deposits. They are officially allowed to deal with credit policy, as well as have their interest rates. The organizations under consideration obtained the right to carry out currency transactions on a documentary basis. Despite the fact that the history of commercial banks is rich in changes, the structure of financial bodies remains constant.

Formation of the banking system. 1 st and 2 nd stages

Russia lagged far behind Western countries, so the development of banks took place in several stages. The first begins with the creation of a state loan bank (the 18th century) and lasts until 1860. As the development of the economy required the expansion of credit facilities, in 1754 banks for nobility and merchants were created. However, most of the loans were not returned, so these organizations ceased operations.

At the second stage (1860-1917), the State Bank of Russia was created , at the same time as many credit societies were opened. In 1872, the banking system included public urban, land and private organizations. In 1880, there were 49 branches, 83 credit societies, 729 savings and savings partnerships, 32 commercial banks. There were offices, changing shops, trading houses.

Expansion of the banking system. 3rd-5th stages

The First World War prevented the active growth of banking activity, but after the end of hostilities it was gradually restored. The third stage began in 1917 and lasted until 1930. After the reorganization of the banking structure, the State Bank of the RSFSR (1921), joint-stock companies, branch and regional financial bodies were created. Many new depositories have been formed.

At the fourth stage (1932-1987), a nation-wide bank of short-term loans and a system for capital investments appeared. During this period, monetary accumulation increased to 968 billion rubles. And formed the first mortgage financial institutions that provide loans secured by real estate.

The fifth stage lasts from 1988 to the present. During this period, there was a gradual improvement of the banking system. It has become more developed, as the number of branches in the country and abroad has increased. The policy of the Central Bank was aimed at the stability of the banking system.

How did Alfa-Bank develop? (1990-2002)

The history of Alfa-Bank begins in 1990. For four years, the infrastructure was formed, the first customers and partners appeared. In August 1995, the crisis of the interbank market came. Thanks to the correct financial policy and a sound method of asset management that strengthened financial stability, this period did not affect Alfa-Bank, which successfully continued to gain prestige among Russian and foreign partners.

Alfa-Bank: historical data since 1997

In 1997-1998, the financial institution in question held high positions in all leading international rating organizations and was the first among its competitors to issue Eurobonds. During this period, business merged with Alfa Capital (an investment firm). This is how the leasing agency Alfa-Bank LLC appeared. In 1999, the growth of business and the improvement of the regional network were noticeable. In two years, Alfa-Bank continues to diversify, and the Alfa-Insurance trade mark appeared on the domestic market.

How did Alfa-Bank develop after 2002?

In 2003-2007, the history of Alfa-Bank is supplemented by new developments: the expansion of branches, the issue of subordinated Eurobonds, the creation of a new version of the web page "Alfa-Forex". The first branches of the new retail format were opened in Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, and Lipetsk. During this period, the Internet bank Alfa-Click was formed, the Alfa-TV service was created, and a videoconferencing system was introduced. Increased positions in the credit rating and received new awards.

In 2008-2012, new achievements emerged: the issuance of payment cards MasterCard and Umembossed, the release of a program of targeted corporate financing for wholesale deliveries of cars, the creation of a proprietary plastic card, and new branches were opened. There was a banking application for smartphones and Android, new advanced technologies were introduced. Many prizes and awards were awarded.

Brief historical data on the Bank of Moscow

The Bank of Moscow, whose history dates back to the spring of 1994, was originally registered as a commercial bank. Later the organization received many awards, and in 2004 began to bear the name "Bank of Moscow".

In April 2010, by order of Yuri Luzhkov, the bank allocated 7.5 billion rubles from the city budget for the issue of shares, 47% of which were sold to VTB. The Bank received the awards Retail Finance 2010, "Financial Olympus", and also won in the third annual competition "The market of collective investments". This is how the history of the bank developed.

The Bank of Moscow is currently represented in almost all regions of Russia. As of April 1, 2014, there are 172 offices in the regions, and in Moscow and in the region there are 136 offices. The organization in question has a network outside the country: BM Bank operates in Ukraine, the Estonian Credit Bank in Estonia.

Data on the Central Bank 1990-2003

The history of creating banks has data on the Central Bank. It was formed on July 13, 1990 and was originally called the State Bank of the RSFSR. A few months later, an order was issued to create a legal entity for a financial institution.

In 1991-1992, a wide network of commercial organizations was formed, changes took place in the account system, RCCs (settlement and cash centers) were formed, and computerization was introduced. The considered period became the beginning of purchase and sale of foreign currencies and setting quotes in relation to the ruble.

The history of the bank (the Bank of Russia) has the following data: in 1992-1995, a system of supervision and verification of commercial organizations was established to stabilize the banking system. With the onset of the economic crisis (1998), the Bank of Russia restructured to improve the performance of commercial financial bodies and increase their liquidity.

In 2003, the organization in question began to engage in a project to improve bank supervision and prudential reporting. To counteract artificial overstating or underestimation of mandatory standards, a number of normative acts were adopted the following year.

Central Bank: development from 2005 to 2011

In 2005, the Central Bank, whose history interests many, set itself the following goals: to strengthen the protection of depositors' interests, to increase competitiveness, to prevent unfair business activities, to strengthen the credibility of creditors, investors and investors. Three years later, because of the crisis of mortgage lending and the reduction of liquidity in international markets, monetary policy has changed. The financial body has concentrated its efforts on preventing mass bankruptcy of organizations.

The history of the Bank of Russia reports that in 2009 interest rates, including refinancing, were repeatedly reduced (from 13% to 8.75%). A mechanism has been created to support the interbank market during the economic crisis. The Bank of Russia extended loans to other financial institutions without collateral, but a year later this decision was changed. Interest rates have been reduced (from 8.75% to 7.75%). Since mid-2010, inflation began to grow and interest rates increased by 0.25%. Further, monetary policy became more rigid. This is how the history of the bank developed. The Bank of Russia is currently continuing to improve financial mechanisms and introduce innovative systems that ensure stability.

History of development of banks: a credit rating

Customers who are going to take out a loan at a bank should learn more about it. Important is not only the comments of previous borrowers, but also the credit rating: the more it is, the more reliable the financial body. All this can be viewed on the corresponding web resources, but some of the data as of May and June 2014 is provided in this review.

Are there banks that issue loans to customers with a bad credit history?

A person can apply to small-scale banking institutions that do not require information about previous stable payments. Usually these are young organizations whose goal is to attract customers in any way. They can give out a sum of money even to people with an outrageous credit history, but they do it for high interest rates. It is difficult to imagine modern life without a loan. Sometimes the client can not pay the required amount on time (job change, reduction, salary reduction, etc.), and even if the debt is later returned, the payment details are entered in a special database informing about the unreliability of the citizen. If he again needs to take loans, whatever he turns to banks, with a bad credit history it is very difficult to take out a loan again. However, there is a way out of this situation.

Banking technologies do not stand still, but are in constant development. So, the quality of service is improved, many financial transactions are simplified, and the reliability system is improved. Therefore, in 5 years the banking system will certainly rise to a new level.