Historical and cultural standard of Russian history. Principles and requirements of the historical and cultural standard

The development of historical science in the world and the accumulation of new knowledge in the field of history, as well as the increased public interest in past events, dictated the need to create a new history textbook in Russia. The established historical and cultural standard included fundamentally new assessments of all key events. In addition, he showed other approaches to teaching in the modern school of national history, outlined a mandatory list of terms, themes, concepts, personalities and events. "Difficult issues", the list of which accompanies the historical and cultural standard, coupled with the coverage of many topics submitted for discussion, sparked heated discussions in all walks of life. This article will consider different points of view in this regard.

Direction

The historical and cultural standard should improve the quality of historical education in the school, develop the research competencies of students, form a single cultural and historical space in Russia. With the implementation of the Standard, the whole training and methodological complex is supposed to be prepared, that is, it is necessary to create a course program, a textbook, methodological guides, books for the teacher, a set of maps and electronic applications. This important event will require many more and many efforts for full implementation in the educational process.

First of all, the teachers themselves will need to completely change their approach to the lessons of history in the general education school, which presents certain difficulties. Inclusion in the manuals and additional books for the teacher of relevant reference materials in which all the most vivid points of view on the events in Russia are correlated, is necessary in order to master the "difficult questions of history", having received answers to them.

Main goals

It is necessary to create appropriate conditions for obtaining a strong knowledge of the subject by graduates of schools. The historical and cultural standard should form a clear picture of the main stages of the development of the multinational state of Russia.

It is necessary to show the whole history of Russia as an integral part of the world process and to reveal its essence in the aggregate efforts of all generations of Russians. The historical and cultural standard was intended by the authors as a broad panorama, where the history of all countries and peoples should be examined throughout the territory that was part of Russia and the Soviet Union in the corresponding epochs.

Tutorials

When preparing texts for a new line of textbooks for general education schools, the Standard must be used. The manuals should be based on the following postulates.

• All processes and events in Russian history must be synchronized with the global historical process.
• A new approach to the history of Russian culture should be applied, since it is an ongoing process leading to the acquisition of a national identity that is not reducible to the enumeration of creative achievements and names, but logically linked with the country's development - both socio-economic and political.
• Internal contradictions and mutually exclusive interpretations of historical events should be excluded, even if they have a certain significance for certain regions of Russia.
• The language of the articles should be imaginative, the presentation is accessible.

The main principle

The principles of the historical and cultural standard must be observed unshakably. Professional expertise and public discussion will, of course, be of significant importance in its finalization. This is an important event and the first step in overcoming intellectual inheritance from perestroika of intellectual strife in the form of too ideological interpretations and a meaningless variety of interpretations that have nothing to do with the true state of affairs.

Understanding of historical processes should be based on basic knowledge, in a single logic, continuity, in all interrelations and continuity. It is necessary to study events in Russia with the utmost respect for all pages, without exception, that make up her past. The reliability and scientific nature of the information set forth in school textbooks is a top priority, and it is not so difficult even when it concerns the most controversial periods in the history of Russia. No biting words should sound, the more there should not be the slightest conjecture, only figures and facts, without justification or condemnation, especially without insulting civil feelings.

Two types of textbooks

The idea of creating standard and extended textbooks for studying the history of Russia and other humanitarian subjects is considered. Both types will contain the same historical and cultural standard as the basis, and the same canon. And the standard textbook is a full-fledged base, not a surrogate course for "cook children". Will be created and electives, and all sorts of additional benefits for study.

The military history is already preparing a manual for schoolchildren, it is published by the Russian Military Historical Society. Concerning the canon of historical knowledge, it should be explained that this is the acquisition of common sense and basic values, and not a revolution or populism. The introduction of new textbooks is under the vigilant supervision of public organizations and professional groups that are truly interested in the result and make constructive comments.

Approved Courses

Since September 2015, schoolchildren are engaged in new textbooks, reflecting the historical and cultural standard of Russian history. Three sets were approved as free from all sorts of double interpretations and stylistically reconciled. Three publishing houses were engaged in the production of new textbooks for sixth-tenth grade students: "Russian word", "Drofa" and "Enlightenment". For example, in the ninth grade, you can choose any of the three approved textbooks of the following groups of authors:

1. Torkunov, Danilov, Levandovsky, Arsenyev.
2. Liashenko, Volobuev, Simonov.
3. Zagladin, Minakov, Petrov.

A full transition to a new historical and cultural standard will take about two or three years.

Feedback on terminology

The word "tolerance", which occurs many times in new textbooks, many people discussing the historical and cultural standard on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science find it completely unsuitable, suggesting that it be replaced by the phrase "friendship of peoples" or any other word. The proof of the discrepancy is the accurate translation of this term as a medical diagnosis.

The participants unanimously assure us that the point concerning the GULAG as a symbol of Stalinism looks simply miserable. Not only that in the Standard the abbreviation is purely graphically depicted incorrectly, historians are outraged that there can not be such a symbol for displaying this difficult period. Particularly ironic offer options: the cross - a symbol of tsarism, Peter and Paul Fortress - a symbol of authoritarianism of Peter the Great. Also very many discussing outrage formulations like "Stalin's great-power ambitions." At a minimum, the children will not understand.

Feedback on the coverage of historical events

Concerning the item on Smersh's activity, there are especially many interesting reviews on the site, and historian teachers insist that it will be difficult for them to submit this material adequately, guided by the fact that they propose the requirements of the historical and cultural standard. They see an inappropriate "quacking" journalism about the billions shot, and the work of this organization is suggested to reflect correctly, as, for example, in Bogomolov's book "The Moment of Truth: In August, the forty-fourth." In addition, the official publications of the archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation are also discussed, with recommendations to the teachers for acquaintance.

It points to incompetent promises about Gorbachev's criticism of Yeltsin, where it was noted that this was criticism to the left, while the liberals were always on the right with respect to socialists and even social democrats. Also, many terms and concepts introduced into the historical and cultural standard on the history of Russia caused confusion. For example: the imperial society, civil legal consciousness, civil society, civil initiatives (all this - with the word "civil" - refers to the nineteenth century!), Social stratification, the generation of enlightened people, the postwar contingent of the GULAG - everything is not listed.

Reviews of the criteria

The concept of the historical and cultural standard caused, for the most part, distrust among teachers of various schools in Russia. They do not see the correspondence of the new educational literature to the requirements of the GEF. How to correlate both these standards ideologically, methodically and legally - nobody could answer this question. The historical and cultural standard is approved, but practically teachers do not know how to approach it.

The orientation toward patriotic upbringing is considered correct, but the tasks on this path are not quite clear, and there are a lot of inaccuracies and inconsistencies. History is a science. Hence, all the facts that are offered to students should be chosen objectively, where the patriotic patriotic foundation is much less important. The methodology of selection of content leaves much to be desired. Why is the main literary work of the nineteenth century called "Woe from Wit" by Griboedov, and the twentieth - "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" by Solzhenitsyn? "How can this be?" - Ask the teacher.

Reviews about the study of modernity

The historical and cultural standard practically eliminates the study of the events of the last one and a half decades. In paragraph 7 of the recommendations there is a reference to the study of modernity, that is, the recently introduced subject "Russia in the world". Teachers do not understand how the Standard relates to this subject. It is assumed that the Standard was created for primary and basic schools, while high school students will study the course "Russia in the World".

Teachers want to know the purpose of the appearance of the Historical and Cultural Standard: to bring up pride in the Motherland or to grow not the creators, but the consumers, and rational? What are the criteria and the system of coordinates, the teachers can not understand. They see in the Standard an assessment of our history from the standpoint of liberal Western concepts, where the market, economy and other attributes of the material world have a priority. Guided by the Standard, it is impossible to explain why the Russians have always been (and will be) a successful nation, where our great history came from.

Reviews about the drawbacks of the canon

It was difficult work - the creation of such a Standard, in which the authors certainly used serious methodological guidelines. But there is still no methodological program in it, as there is no revision (stated - cardinal!) Of the content of the subject of history in the general education school. But today there is a chance of a historic breakthrough in the scientific life of society: recently, many valuable archaeological finds have appeared (not only in Novgorod).

The Standard does not say a word about the Vedas, and the concept of the world order in Russia was Vedic. Where are the sources that emphasize the Russian glory: the chronicle of the Holopian Monastery, the Legend of the Slovene and Rus, the Joachim chronicle, the chronograph of Academician Tikhomirov, the research of Gumilyov and Solonevich ... Where are the hidden events, known to experts, the Azov seat, the Battle of Molodi? The list of the important and not included in the Standard is very long.

Systemic assimilation

Along with criticism, teachers in the discussion submit very interesting proposals to the creators of the Standard. Just one example of how it would be necessary to submit information systematically. High school students should know that Ivan the Terrible was not a "cannibal". Not only did it increase the territory of Russia by one hundred (!) Percent: from 2.8 to 5.4 million square kilometers. During the fifty years of his rule, he executed far fewer people than one (!) Parisian Bartholomew night, where the Huguenots died a lot more in a few hours.

And the same Christian II in two days (!) Bloodbath in Stockholm interrupted his subjects ten times more. But at the same time it must be said that in England, landless peasants were twenty times smaller (the Vagrancy Act), and the Dutch did not die much during the Netherlands revolution. And finally one more fact. After writing the picture, where the king kills his son Ivan, Ilya Repin's hand withered away.