Functions of the ribosome and other cell organelles

Cell as an integral system

A living eukaryotic cell is a uniquely organized system, the interaction of all components of which ensures the vital activity of the cell as an integral unit. Its main components include the plasmolemma, the cytoplasm and the nucleus, but many cells have additional organelles - specialized structures that are dissolved in the cytoplasm and participate in the metabolism and energy of the cell. Thus, the function of the ribosome is to synthesize the protein, mitochondria produce macroergic compounds, microtubules play the role of the cell skeleton and provide intracellular transport, and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex are the main "stations" in the metabolism. In this case, all reactions occur in the cytoplasm, which is in constant motion.

Membrane organelles and their functions

Their functions are performed on the ribosomes on the EPR, where they are transported through the pores of the nuclear membrane immediately after formation. EPR is a membrane organelle consisting of a multitude of tubes and pockets that pass into each other and communicate with the lumens of the nuclear envelope. In the cell there are two parts of the endoplasmic reticulum, differing in both structure and functions: rough and smooth. The first of them bears ribosomes, the structure and functions of which are laid even when leaving the nucleus, the second ribosome is absent, and it participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids of the cell, stores intracellular calcium, dephosphorylates glucose-6-phosphate in the liver. But both types of EPR are unstable structures and are subject to frequent changes, like the Golgi complex. It is similar in structure to EPR and consists of a complex of cisterns, and its function is to refine the primary proteins synthesized on SHER, the formation of lysosomes, the accumulation of secretory substances and their transport from the cell.

Non-membrane organelles

In the cell there are also non-membrane organoids: cytoskeleton, centrioles, inclusion of reserve substances (lipids, polysaccharides, BAS or pigments) and ribosome. The functions of each of them are regulated by the reverse mechanism, that is, they depend on the nature of the current metabolism: inclusions appear in the cell only when they are over-synthesized, centrioles are doubled when the cell moves to division, and microtubules intensify their activity during the opening of transport channels and chemotaxis in phagocytes . The functions of the ribosome in the human cell are relatively constant and differ little from those in the plant cell. They consist of ions, some biopolymers and condensed RNA, assembled into two subunits - 30S and 50S (according to the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient), thus constituting 80S ribosomes. This is an extremely important factor that makes it possible to distinguish human ribosomes from ribosomes of bacteria having a structure of 70S, since in the treatment of bacterial infections antibiotics are prescribed that can partially or completely block the functions of the 70S ribosome selectively, thereby suppressing the synthesis of proteins in the bacterial cell and hindering its vital activity.