Examples of bylina. Heroes of Russian epics

Bylins - a kind of oral folk art in a song-epic manner. Their plot, as a rule, is based on the description of some extraordinary event from the past or a notable historical episode. The heroes of the epic epic are varied in character, but their power is always turned towards the struggle against evil. The enemies of the heroes are described in no less color, each character is a typical villain. Examples of epics are numerous, but some need to be highlighted, this will be discussed in this article.

How did the literary term "epic"

The present name was proposed in 1839 by philologist Ivan Sakharov, who published his essay in the publication "Songs of the Russian people." The scientist used the phrase "by the byliny", which means "according to the facts". "Byl", "former", "epic" - the linguistic choice turned out to be successful.

Traditionally, the epics are divided into two extensive cycles: Kiev and Novgorod. With the first connected the main number of characters, it also dominates the stories, which feature the capital city of Kiev and the yard of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, and later Vladimir Monomakh.

The heroes of the heroes are Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, Stavr Godinovich, Churilo Plenkovich, Mikhailo Potyk. Novgorod epic heroes are the garde merchant Sadko and the hero Vasily Buslaev. The "senior" Kiev bogatyrs - Mikula Selyaninovich, Svyatogor and Volga.

Researchers

Examples of epic are characterized by the fact that until the 18th century no one recorded them. The first collection in the authorship of Kirsi Danilov was created in Moscow only in 1804. And only after that followed augmented reissues. On the wave of interest in the epic epic in the 1830s-1850s, the Slavophile Pyotr Vasilyevich Kireevsky organized a worldwide collection of folklore works. In a short time, he and his assistants recorded several hundred epic tales in the Volga and northern provinces, and then in Siberia and the Urals. The result of the work of the group of researchers became 80 subjects.

In general, the examples of the epic epic were fully systematized in a short time, and philological scientists were able to work with a vast epic material. The result of this was the use of folklore works in dissertations and scientific works. The most significant examples of the epic creativity of the Russian people were brought to the international level.

Most of the epic tales had a mythological basis with a description of natural phenomena of extreme nature and bogatyrs overcoming their consequences. And it was always successful. For several centuries the epics have been altered in every way, reshaped and reduced. At one time the legends were confused with the oral folklore works of the West, but ended with profanity, and such attempts were further suppressed. In the end, the epic epic ordered.

Characteristic features

Gradually, the epics adopted a stable folklore and literary form, and thus a quite definite poetic style appeared, consisting of a combination of dactyl with a horei, and later anapestiches. There were practically no rhymes, everything was based on the euphony of the verse and its musicality. The poetic epics differed from "pobyvalshchin", primitive statements in prose, which as art were not accepted by the public. The syllable of the original epic is always rich in poetic phrases, full of epithets, allegories and comparisons. At the same time, the verses are clear and logical in their sound.

Usually the poetic epic was divided into two parts. The narrator, according to the first, had to improvise, present the texts as if from himself, and the second part obliged him to follow a certain scheme, to typically convey the content in precise terms, without changing a single word. Thus, a verbal mosaic was obtained, which did not always look organic. Much depended on the talent of the narrator.

Ilya Muromets, the hero of the epic

"... He lived under the town of Murom, in the village of Karacharovo, a peasant of the hero's height, but could not walk, everything was lying on the stove, and Ilia was sad about the fact that his feet were not moving, he heard robbers on the roads robbing people, Serpent Gorynych in Russia I'm so sorry, I've exhausted all the girls. "How I helped my native land, Ilya was sad.

Wanderers helped, that the water came to drink. They beat and corrected the legs of Ilya Muromets, he got up, he found the silk silk unprecedented. I bought a good horse for myself, I groomed, I poured out in the morning dew, and Ilya's horse came up, strong and fast.

Ilya gathered, saddled Burushka, and galloped up the order in Russia, only he was seen. "

Sadko

Russian folk folklore is distinguished by a variety of subjects and decorative features. Heroes fall on the island where the monsters live, then in the ocean, where they are waiting for the king of the sea with mermaids.

Bylina "Sadko" is one of the best epic works. By her motives the opera Rimsky-Korsakov with the same name was created. In addition, the epic "Sadko" served as a plot for the film directed by Alexander Ptushko with Sergei Stolyarov and Alla Larionova in the lead roles.

"... In glorious Novograd, as lived-there was a merchant Sadko, rich, handsome. Previously, he had only gusli lobster, on the feasts were invited to play, so he lived. But only here have not called him more than once, and not two, or three, thought Sadko, went out to Ilmen-lake, sat down on a white-fuel stone, touched the strings.

The water rises in waves, the sea king appeared. "Gloriously you play, Sadko, how are you to thank you? Al treasury of gold? Come to Novograd and strike oh, great mortgage." Lay a violent head against the merchant's merchandise, which is exorbitant. "So tell me: there is gold fish in Ilmen Lake. You'll strike a penny, go ashore with a silk net, I'll give you three golden fish-feathers. "

The merchants Novogradskie lost all their goods to the red guslar Sadko, he began to trade, to receive big profits. He got rich and returned the merchants their red goods. And he began to live on his new wealth. And how Sadko sailed across the seas and brought his wife - this is another story ... "

Bogatyri Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich

Among the Russian epic images there are heroes, which narrators are endowed with unprecedented power, and while they live in an unusual setting, match their fabulous power.

Bylina "Wolga and Mikula" is a magnificent example of a folklore work, which shows how the heroes of the Russian epic unite to combat the excesses in Russia. In those troubled times, bureaucracy in Rus was wrecked, all issues were resolved only for bribes. From the misconduct of "state services" suffered a simple plowman Mikula Selyaninovich, this is what the epic "Volga and Mikula" tells about.

"... The night was strewn across the sky, and the young hero of the young Volga Vseslavich was born in the morning at Rus-Mother. The baby slept for an hour, stretched, and all the diapers burst, the gold belts. And so Volga said to my mother: "Madam-Mother, do not wrap me, put iron in your armor, put a helmet in your hands and give you a stop-trial club." Mother was scared, and Volga is growing by leaps and bounds, growing and learning to read. As six years have passed, I went for a walk, the earth shook. The animals hid, the birds flew away, and Volga lets us invent all sorts of fun: then it becomes a falcon and takes off in the sky, then it leaps by a deer, or turns into a gray wolf. And as the hero struck 15 years old, here he did good deeds. And what - is another story ... "

Mikula Selyaninovich

"... Early Volga gathered Volga with his team to collect taxes on the cities, drove, maybe a mile, as they hear - someone plows nearby, plows pebbles on the pebbles. We went to the plowman, but they can not reach us, they did not reach us in the evening, we did not reach the next day, only the plowshare sweeps and the plowman whistles. We arrived on the third day, at sunset. He climbed down from Volga's horse, bowed to the plowman in the belt: "Hello, good man, in the field of workers!" "Be healthy, Volga Vseslavovich, where are you holding the path?"

How long, shortly, they talked about this, and went together robbers on the big road to scare. A hundred cities and a thousand villages were liberated, but that plowman was Mikula Selyaninovich, a Russian bogatyr. They became friends with Volga, and the next day all the evil spirits were brought out, taken out clean. And what a feast they had on the tables of oak trees and in the woods - another story will tell about it ... "

Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber

Most of the works of the Russian epic are textbook, time for them is not powerful, and their popularity is growing year by year. Masterpieces are included in school curricula, and scientific research is conducted on them. Bylina "The Nightingale the Robber and Ilya Muromets" is just such a work.

"... A Nightingale sits on a damp oak tree, a robber, Odikhmantiev's son. Then he will whistle like a nightingale, or he will scream like an animal. Whether from the whistle, or from the roar, the herb grass has fallen, the flowers of the azure were showered, the dark forest landed on the ground, and whoever is from the people - all the dead are lying. A straight road for five hundred versts all fell, and a roundabout ride - for a thousand.

The Cossack Ilya Muromets was passing by, the bow takes a tight, tevotchuku silk pulled, pointer of the salted rolled. I shot this one on the damp oak of Nightingale the Robber. Yes, he also shot and killed an eye and tied it to the ground, tied it to a stirrup, and took him along a clean field past the nest and the nightingale ... "