Examples of architecture of different styles. Original examples of the new architecture

World architecture developed according to the laws of the church dominant. Residential civil buildings looked rather modest, while the temples impressed with their pomposity. During the Middle Ages, the church possessed considerable funds, which the higher clergy received from the state, in addition, the church treasury received donations from parishioners. On this money temples were built all over Russia. Examples of civil architecture of the time leave much to be desired. However, since the 18th century, the situation has radically changed. Churches and cathedrals were already erected without excessive luxury, but the landed estates, royal country houses and even the buildings in the noble hunting grounds were significantly added to sophistication and beauty. The styles of houses, the architecture of buildings, streets and squares have constantly improved. The architects were considered the most respected people.

Early Gothic Style

Unique examples of the architecture of antiquity are cathedrals that have been built since the middle of the 12th century in the northern regions of France. The largest Gothic cathedral was built in 1225 in Amiens. Later the same Gothic cathedral was built in the German city of Cologne, its construction was completed in 1248.

In parallel with the Gothic in the 12th and 14th centuries, the Romanesque style developed in the architecture of the Middle Ages. Italian architects erected buildings with walls of incredible thickness, the houses were more like fortresses. Examples of architecture of the Romanesque style are buildings reminiscent of military-defensive structures. The lower tier was particularly strong, fundamental, the second floor consisted of towers and towers, round and rectangular in plan, large and small. In all the towers there were narrow, high windows, shaped like loopholes. The Romanesque style in the architecture of the Middle Ages corresponded to its time. Warring knightly clans needed effective protection from enemy raids, and family castles with fortresses could not be better suited for this purpose.

Ancient Architecture

In ancient times much attention was paid to the erection of public buildings. These were grandiose buildings designed to organize mass spectacles. Ancient Roman forums, designed for tens of thousands of spectators, the ancient Greek agors, which were huge open areas, filled daily by people, artisans and traders. The ancient Egyptian architecture was significantly different from the Roman one, primarily because the Egyptians were never assembled by a crowd of thousands in one place. Egyptian history goes back to the 15th century BC, when architecture was conditional. Buildings were erected from shell rock or red burnt clay. On the styles still nothing was known, the ancient Egyptians were concerned not with the stylistics of their buildings, but with how to build houses higher to avoid flooding from the spilled Nile.

Orders

The ancient Greek architecture was for the most part oriented towards the erection of temple buildings, some of which have survived to our time. Gradually, several architectural styles emerged:

• Doric order - is characterized by simple, powerful forms, even some of their heaviness. Doric columns have on their surface flute, deep grooves running from the lower base to the capitals. The horizontal tiers in the Doric order are the architrave, which connects the columns at the level of the abacus, the frieze consisting of two layers - triglyph and metopes - runs from above. All together forms an entablature, which crowns with hezims, cornice with a significant ledge outwards.

• Ionic order - in comparison with the heavy Dorian differs in the ease of proportions. The main sign of belonging to the ionic warrant is the column capital, which has the form of a double volute, directed curls down. Ionic order is considered an architectural feminine style, as it is refined and supplemented with ornaments. An order appeared in the 6th century BC, in Ionia, on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea. A century later spread throughout the territory of ancient Greece. The main building in the Ionian style is the temple of the goddess Hera on the island of Samos, built in the 570 BC and soon destroyed by an earthquake. And the most stylish building in the Ionic order is the temple of Artemis of Ephesus - one of the "Seven Wonders of the World".

• The Corinthian order - the most recent, differed from the others in its peculiar pomp. Columns in the image and entablature remind the signs of the Ionic order, but the abacus and the capital are completely different. Corinthian style is full of decorativeness, there are plant ornaments in its capitals, along the perimeter there are two rows of acanthus leaves. The capital also adorns many lily volutes.

"Palladianism"

The beginning of the 18th century was marked by the emergence of a new trend in the world culture - classicism. Regular forms, clear projections and proportions - these were the main criteria of architectural classicism. A faithful follower of the ancient style of temple architecture, the Venetian master Palladio together with the pupil of Scamozzi substantiated his own theory of classical classicism. The doctrine was called "palladianism" and became widely used in the construction of private residences. The style of "classicism" in architecture turned out to be technological and convenient from the point of view of designing and erecting buildings.

Sunset architecture "baroque"

As it turned out, the cost of the buildings erected in the new style was significantly lower. Buildings were characterized by laconicism, the "whipped cream" of the late Baroque became a thing of the past, classicism with its symmetrical-axial compositions and noble restraint of decorative decoration acquired more and more admirers. European connoisseurs of architectural masterpieces were ready to give up both baroque and rococo in favor of chamber music, with notes of academicity, strict and elegant classicism.

At the same time, several mansions were built under the leadership of Andrea Palladio, the most famous of which was the palace "Rotonda", near the city of Vicenza. The style of "classicism" in architecture quickly gained popularity. Paris literally swept the wave of construction. Entire architectural ensembles were erected under Louis XV, such as the Place de la Concorde. And during the reign of Louis XVI "laconic classicism" has become the main trend in urban architecture. After the execution of the French king and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1793, Paris was for a long time built up chaotically and inconsistently.

Architectural style of Empire

At the end of the 18th century classicism began to decline, it was necessary to update the whole culture as a whole and architecture as its component part.

Classicism was replaced by a new style in art and architecture called Empire, which was born and developed in France, during the reign of Napoleon I. The emergence of a new direction was caused, to a large extent, by political reasons. The government of Napoleon Bonaparte tried to impose his own, so-called "imperial" style in architecture, when it became clear that the classicism was already approaching the sunset. As a solemn and pompous Empire, and all the other styles of architecture of the 19th century fits perfectly into the palace agglomerations, but the emphasis was still on the "royal" direction.

In Russia, the architectural empire appeared under Tsar Alexander the First, who was loyal to French culture and considered it worthy of imitation. It is not without reason that the sovereign invited an architect from France, Auguste Montferrand, to erect the famous Isakievsky Cathedral. The style in architecture - Empire - was not uniform in its form, it was divided into St. Petersburg and Moscow and existed until the middle of the 19th century. In addition to St. Isaac's Cathedral, built in 1858, St. Petersburg has another masterpiece in the "royal" style, this is the Kazan Cathedral of Andrei Voronikhin, and in Moscow "The Triumphal Gates." Russian style in architecture Empire - this is a thirty-year period of the erection of genuine masterpieces.

Architectural sights of St. Petersburg

One of the most outstanding cities in the world for architectural significance is the city of St. Petersburg, the Northern Capital of Russia. Thanks to the continuity of the Russian and Western European experience of urban planning in the 18th and 19th centuries, a unique conglomerate was created in St. Petersburg. In the city there are fifteen different architectural styles, harmonious polyphony of which creates a unique picture of the reunion of several historical periods into one. The boundaries of the epochs are not clearly marked, "blurred", but all the signs of the past are present.

The architecture of St. Petersburg includes eight areas that are dominant:

• Baroque "Peter's", the beginning of the 18th century;
• Baroque "Elizabethan", the middle of the 18th century;
• Gothic, second half of the 18th century;
• Classicism, the end of the 18th century;
• Russian Empire, the beginning of the 19th century;
• Renaissance, the middle of the 19th century;
• Eclecticism, second half of the 19th century;
• Modern, the beginning of the 20th century;

Petrovsky baroque is a transformed Italian and French baroque. A somewhat elaborate style was welcomed by Peter I and his entourage. However, the time for which the baroque flourished was turbulent, numerous wars devastated the treasury. Construction of new buildings was financed in insufficient volume, and this could not but affect their quality. The baroque style was designated only on the facades, the main signs of the architectural trend were emphasized: pediments, pilasters with volutes, spiers on the roofs. The internal premises were stretched on the principle of enfilade, this significantly reduced the cost of the building. Petrovsky Baroque dominated in St. Petersburg from 1703 to 1740, after the death of the emperor in 1725, the activity of contracted European architects declined, but the work continued for another 15 years.

The daughter of Peter the Great who ascended to the tsar's throne in 1741, Elizabeth sought to centralize power, besides, luxury, splendor, magnificent festivities and balls were not alien to her. In the architecture of urban buildings during the reign of Elizabeth, pomposity and pretentiousness began to be traced, thus the style of the "Elizabethan Baroque" itself arose. The main architect of the time was Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who created a masterpiece of architecture of world significance - the Winter Palace, located on the Palace Square, which is also known as the Hermitage Museum.

List of architectural structures erected during the reign of the Elizabethan Baroque:

• Anichkov's Palace (1741 - 1753).
• The summer palace of Elizabeth (1741 - 1744), is not preserved.
• The Great Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekaterinhof Palace (1747 - 1750), not preserved.
• Smolny Cathedral, erected in St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• The Palace of Vorontsov, Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• The traveling palace on the Middle Slope (1751 - 1754), has not survived.
• Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospekt (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Sea Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• House of Shuvalov in Italian street (1753 - 1755).
• The Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• The mansion of Yakovlev (1762 - 1766), is not preserved.

Gothic in St. Petersburg

The city on the Neva is one of the most unique megacities in the world, in which culture is so diverse. Gothic architecture appeared in St. Petersburg in 1777, it was the Chesme Palace and the Chesme Church. As in the case of the "Petrine Baroque", these buildings did not fully meet the style. Gothic elements performed the function of external attributes - facades, pointed arches, numerous turrets, high spiers. Bearing structures of buildings were carried out according to a simplified scheme. In fact, it was a pseudo-goth, nevertheless in the 19th century a large number of churches and secular buildings were built.

The architectural style of "classicism" was developed in the period from 1760 to 1780. Petersburg at that time was already ready for change. Buildings built in the style of classicism, organically fit into the urban landscape. Among the most notable buildings are the following:

• "Imperial Academy of Arts", built on Vasilievsky Island in 1764 -1788.
• The Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Hanging gardens of the Small Hermitage (1764-1775).
• The Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• The Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• The Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute of the Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism was a harbinger of the appearance in St. Petersburg of the Russian Empire. The change of direction occurred unnoticed. At that time, the architectural style of Empire was in demand in France as part of the tumultuous changes taking place in the country. He reflected the ambitions of Napoleon and became a symbol of a new life for the French. And the Russian empire replaced classicism, nothing more. The architecture of St. Petersburg developed according to its own laws. The French culture had a significant impact on its development.

Architecture and Photography

The buildings are residential and sacral, manor houses and temples, prisons and representative houses. Any structure related to public life must have architectural features. Some houses were built in strict accordance with the rules of building aesthetics, while architects often managed to achieve impressive results. Masterpieces of architectural art had to be sketched, because the photographs were not there yet. Photo art appeared and began to develop only in the first half of the 19th century. However, it was not immediately possible to replace the picture in the photo. Architecture - this is always a fairly complex image, with many shades and halftones, and the usual daguerreotype did not transmit them, on the plate only a flat spot with hardly noticeable contours was obtained. And the artists continued to draw.

However, the years passed, the picture improved, and now came the moment when any structure was possible to capture in the photo. Architecture, according to the classical phrase, is "frozen music", and many wanted to keep this music in memory in the form of a photograph. People posed against the backdrop of their own houses or tried to film near some famous building. All sorts of styles of architecture, photos of which have a home was considered a good form, became popular. At the dawn of the development of photography, most of the pictures were either family, or with images of buildings.

Styles of architecture with examples

There are many examples of architectural styles, each of them has certain characteristics characterizing the direction, type membership and time interval in which this structure was erected.

For individual, most known styles of architecture, you can give specific examples:

• Empire - "Arch of the General Staff" in St. Petersburg, on the Palace Square (1819 - 1829), architect Carlo Rossi;
• Classicism - "Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra" (1776 - 1790), architect Starov. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "House of Sevastyanov" (1863 - 1866), architect Paduchev, Yekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" in St. Petersburg, on Nevsky Prospect, (1752 - 1754), the architect Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence (1417 - 1436), the architect Brunelleschi;
• Modern - "The House of the Singer Company" in St. Petersburg (1902 - 1904), the architect Syuzor.

Examples of architecture indicate the development of certain genres over the centuries.

The original examples of today's architecture

Today there are enough creative architects in the world who are engaged in cutting-edge projects. Other projects are purely utilitarian in character, but there are some that can be called original. For example, in Japan, houses in balloons have become fashionable. As the Land of the Rising Sun is a seismic hazard, Japanese architects began to install houses on huge balls made of especially durable material. Thus, during an earthquake, the house simply begins to swing, vibrations of tremors can not do any harm to it.

There are original buildings, which are the fruit of creative design ideas. In the famous Spanish city of Barcelona, which by right ranks first in the world in terms of the number of original buildings, the architects created another masterpiece. This is a house turned upside down. The building stands on the roof and its unusualness pleases the tourists.