Education of Ukraine as a state: date and history. When Ukraine was formed as a state?

Ukraine is the largest state in Europe. Although some historians argue that the country is the cradle of European culture and has existed for many centuries, it is not so. The formation of Ukraine as a state actually took place 23 years ago. It's a young country that only learns to live on its own, without anyone's support. Of course, Ukraine has its own centuries-old history, but still it does not mention the country as a full-fledged state. This territory was once inhabited by Scythians, Sarmatians, Turkic peoples, Rusichs, Cossacks. All of them somehow influenced the development of the country.

Ancient history

We must start with the fact that the word "ukraine" in translation from Old Russian means "outskirts", that is, no man's land, borderland. These territories were also called "wild field". The first mention of the steppes of the Black Sea region dates back to the 7th century BC, when the Scythians settled there. In the Old Testament they are described as an unmerciful and cruel nomadic people. In 339 BC. E. Scythians were defeated in battle with Philip of Macedon, this was the beginning of their end.

For four centuries the Black Sea region was dominated by the Sarmatians. They were related nomadic tribes who moved from the Lower Volga region. In the II century BC. E. Sarmatians pressed the Turkic peoples. In the 7th century Slavs began to settle on the banks of the Dnieper, which at that time were called Rusichi. That is why the lands that they occupied were called Kievan Rus. Some researchers argue that the formation of Ukraine as a state occurred in 1187. This is not entirely true. At that time, only the term "ukraine" appeared, it meant nothing other than the outskirts of Kievan Rus.

Tatar raids

At one time, the lands of modern Ukraine were raided by Crimean Tatars. Rusichi tried to master the rich, fertile lands of the Great Steppe, but constant robberies and murders did not allow to bring the conceived to the end. For many centuries the Tatars posed a great threat to the Slavs. Huge territories remained uninhabited only for the reason that they were neighbors with the Crimea. Tatars carried out raids, because they needed to somehow support their own economy. They were engaged in cattle breeding, but it did not give a big profit. The Tatars plundered the neighboring Slavs, took captive young and healthy people, exchanging slaves for ready Turkish products. Most of the Tatar raids suffered Volyn, Kiev and Galicia.

Population of fertile land

The farmers and landowners were well aware of the benefits that can be derived from fertile, free areas. Despite the fact that there was a threat of attacks by the Tatars, rich people appropriated the steppes, built settlements, thus luring the peasants. The landowners had their own army, thanks to which they maintained order and discipline in the territories under their control. They provided the land for use to peasants, and in return they demanded payment of dues. The grain trade brought untold wealth to the Polish tycoons. The most famous were the Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevets, Konetspolsky. While the Slavs labored in the fields, the Poles lived in luxurious palaces, bathing in riches.

Cossacks Period

In the freedom-loving Cossacks, who began to populate the free steppes at the end of the XV century, sometimes the idea of a state jumped in thoughts. Ukraine could be a haven of robbers and vagrants, because they originally inhabited this territory. People who wanted to be free came to the outlying suburbs, so the bulk of the Cossacks were farm laborers fleeing from the slavery of the slaves. Also here came the townspeople and priests-rasstrigi in search of a better life. Among the Cossacks there were people of noble origin, they, in the main, were looking for adventures and, of course, riches.

Vatagi consisted of Rusich, Poles, Byelorussians and even Tatars, they accepted absolutely everyone. Initially, these were the most common robber bands that plundered the Tatars and Turks and stolen lives. Over time, they began to build battlements - fortified camps, in which the military garrison was always on duty. There they returned from campaigns.

Some historians believe that the 1552nd is the year of the formation of Ukraine as a state. In fact, at this time arose the famous Zaporizhzhya Sich, which the Ukrainians are so proud of. But it was not a prototype of the modern state. In 1552 Cossacks were united, and their fort was built on the island of Malaya Khortitsa. Vishnevetsky did all this.

Although initially the Cossacks were the usual robbers who robbed the Turks for their own benefit, eventually they began to protect the settlements of the Slavs from the raids of the Tatars, liberating the fellow countrymen from captivity. Turkey, this freedom-loving brotherhood seemed to be a heavenly punishment. Cossacks on their seagulls (long, narrow boats) silently swam to the shores of the enemy country and suddenly attacked the strongest fortifications.

The state of Ukraine wanted to create one of the most famous hetmans - Bohdan Khmelnitsky. This ataman led an exhausting struggle with the Polish army, dreaming of the independence and freedom of all fellow countrymen. Khmelnytsky understood that he alone could not cope with the Western enemy, so he found a patron in the person of the Moscow Tsar. Of course, after that the bloodshed in Ukraine was over, but it never became independent.

The fall of tsarism

The emergence of Ukraine as a state could be immediately after the overthrow of the throne of the Romanov dynasty. Unfortunately, local politicians did not have enough strength, intelligence, and most importantly - solidarity, to bring it to fruition and make its country independent. On the fall of tsarism, Kiev learned on March 13, 1917. In just a few days, Ukrainian politicians created the Central Rada, but they were prevented from holding ideological limits and inexperience in such matters.

According to some reports, the formation of Ukraine as a state took place on November 22, 1917. It was on this day that the Central Rada unveiled the Third Universal, proclaiming itself the supreme power. However, then it still did not dare to break all ties with Russia, therefore Ukraine for a while became an autonomous republic. Perhaps, such caution of politicians was superfluous. Two months later the Central Rada decided on the formation of the state. Ukraine was proclaimed an independent and completely independent country from Russia.

Interaction with the Austrians and Germans

The period when Ukraine appeared as a state was not easy. For this reason, the Central Rada was forced to ask for support and protection from European countries. February 18, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, according to which Ukraine was to carry out massive supplies of food to Europe, and in return received recognition of independence and military support.

The Austrians and the Germans for a short period of time brought troops into the territory of the state. Unfortunately, Ukraine could not fulfill its part of the treaty, so at the end of April 1918 the Central Rada was dissolved. On April 29, Pavel Skoropadsky started to run the country. Education of Ukraine as a state was given to the people with great difficulty. The trouble is that in the country there were no good rulers who could defend the independence of the territories under their control. Skoropadsky did not last a year. Already on December 14, 1918, he fled in disgrace with the allied German troops. Ukraine was thrown to the mercy, the European countries did not recognize its independence and did not support.

The coming to power of the Bolsheviks

The beginning of the 20-ies of the twentieth century brought a lot of grief to Ukrainian homes. The Bolsheviks created a system of harsh economic measures to somehow halt the collapse of the economy and save the newly-formed state. The so-called "war communism" suffered the most from Ukraine, because its territories were the source of agricultural products. Accompanied by armed detachments, officials walked through villages and forcefully selected grain from peasants. It reached the point that they took freshly baked bread from the houses. Naturally, such an atmosphere did not contribute to an increase in the production of agricultural products, the peasants simply refused to work.

To all misfortunes was added a drought. The famine of 1921-1922 claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians. The government was well aware that it would be inappropriate to continue using the whip method. Therefore, the law on the New Economic Policy (New Economic Policy) was adopted. Thanks to him, by 1927, the area of cultivated land increased by 10%. During this period, the present formation of the state is celebrated. Ukraine is slowly forgetting about the horrors of civil war, famine, dispossession. Well-being returns to the houses of Ukrainians, therefore they are more tolerant towards the Bolsheviks.

Voluntary-compulsory entry into the USSR

At the end of 1922 in Moscow, they considered the unification of Russia, Belarus and the Transcaucasian republics to create more stable ties. Until the time when Ukraine was formed as a state, there remained some seven decades. On December 30, 1922 representatives of all Soviet republics approved the plan for unification, thus the USSR was created.

Theoretically, any of the republics had the right to withdraw from the union, but for this it had to obtain the consent of the Communist Party. In practice, it was very difficult to gain independence. The party was centralized and ruled from Moscow. Ukraine in terms of the area occupied the second place among all the republics. The capital city was Kharkov. Answering the question about when Ukraine was formed as a state, it should be noted the 20-ies of the twentieth century, because then the country acquired territorial-administrative borders.

Renovation and development of the country

The first five-year plan has breathed life into Ukraine. During this time, 400 new enterprises appeared, the country accounted for about 20% of all capital investments. In 1932 the Dnepropetrovsk hydroelectric power station was built, which at that time became the largest in Europe. Thanks to the labor of the workers, the Kharkov Tractor Plant, the Zaporizhzhya Metallurgical Combine, and many Donbass plants appeared. In a short time, a lot of economic transformations were made. In order to improve discipline and improve efficiency, competitions were introduced to implement the plan ahead of schedule. The government allocated the best workers and appropriated to them the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Ukraine during the Second World War

In the period 1941-1945. Millions of people died in the country. Most Ukrainians fought on the side of the Soviet Union, but this does not apply to Western Ukraine. This territory was dominated by other moods. According to OUN militants, SS divisions Galychyna, Ukraine was to become independent from Moscow. The history of the formation of the state could be completely different, if the fascists still won. The fact that the Germans would give Ukraine independence is hard to believe, but still they managed to lure about 220,000 Ukrainians to their side. Even after the end of the war, these armed formations continued to exist.

Life after Stalin

The death of the Soviet leader brought with it a new life for the millions of people who lived in the USSR. The new ruler was Nikita Khrushchev, who was closely associated with Ukraine and, of course, patronized her. During his reign, she reached a new level of development. It was thanks to Khrushchev that he received the Crimea Ukraine peninsula. As the state arose, this is another matter, but it formed its administrative-territorial borders precisely in the Soviet Union.

Then came to power Leonid Brezhnev, also a native of Ukraine. After a brief reign of Andropov and Chernenko, Mikhail Gorbachev was at the helm. It was he who decided to radically change the stagnant economy and the Soviet system as a whole. Gorbachev had to overcome the conservatism of society and the party. Mikhail Sergeyevich always called for publicity and tried to be closer to the people. People began to feel freer, but still, even under Gorbachev, the Communists completely controlled the army, the police, agriculture, industry, the KGB, and watched the media.

Obtaining independence

The date of the formation of Ukraine as a state is known to all is on August 24, 1991. But what preceded this significant event? March 17, 1991 a survey was held, thanks to which it became clear: Ukrainians are not against sovereignty, the main thing is that it does not subsequently worsen their living conditions. The Communists tried in every possible way to keep power in their hands, but it inevitably escaped them.

On August 19, 1991, the reactionaries isolated Mikhail Gorbachev in the Crimea, and in Moscow they tried to seize the initiative by declaring a state of emergency and forming the Emergency Committee. But the Communists did not succeed. On August 24, 1991, when Ukraine appeared as a state, the Verkhovna Rada proclaimed independence of the country. And only after 5 days the activity of the Communist Party was banned by the parliament. On December 1 of the same year, Ukrainians supported the Independence Act in a referendum and chose their first president, Leonid Kravchuk.

For many years the formation of Ukraine as a state took place. The country map often changed. Many territories were annexed in the Soviet Union, this applies to Western Ukraine, parts of the Odessa region and the Crimea. The main task of Ukrainians is the preservation of modern administrative-territorial borders. True, it is possible with difficulty. So, the third president of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko in 2009 gave Romania part of the continental shelf. And in 2014, Ukraine lost its pearl - the peninsula Crimea, which moved to Russia. Whether it will be possible for the country to preserve its territories untouched and remain independent, time will only show.