Law, State and Law
Concept and types of government bodies
At all times, state power was exercised in various ways and methods. In this or that period of time specific interpretations of the imperious command were used. The most common in the ancient and Middle Ages was the form of violence. But it "lives" only in the hands of a strong and independent leader, whose death the regime disappears. After the violence, religion was used. She dominated long enough. However, during the Enlightenment, people realized that blind faith is no better than violence. The last form of realization of state power was the law. It is used in many countries to this day. But its actual action can be carried out only through special state structures operating on general legal principles and using their methods of regulation. Such systems to date can be found in any country. They are called public authorities. It would seem that these well-known structures are just banal executors of the requirements of the legal field. However, their sphere extends far beyond the limits of exclusive "execution." Thus, the article will further discuss the main bodies of state power, their types and features, which these structures are endowed in the Russian Federation.
Government
The concept and types of state bodies depend entirely on the features of power in a particular country. Speaking specifically about Russia in strictly scientific language, in the territory of this power, the coordination of society is realized through a large number of peremptory norms. Of course, this factor largely depends on the scope of legal regulation. But if you do not go into the depths of legal aspects, state power in the Russian Federation is a special, unique or unique way of governing the society and its individual parts. As we understand, the management of the social structure can not be carried out by the top leadership directly. This requires special types of government bodies, each of which is endowed with one or another list of specific tasks. In addition, there are other features of power.
Signs of power in the state
There are a number of signs that determine the power in any state, and in particular in the Russian Federation. Proceeding from this, it is possible to single out the following key provisions of the above category, namely:
- State power is always sovereign.
- It is implemented through a system of special organs.
- It is carried out constantly.
- The influence of state power is extended to all citizens.
- The state power has a normative manifestation in the form of officially issued acts.
- In order to realize the interests of the majority, state power in some cases applies the method of coercion.
In this case, the key feature is the principle of exercising power through the apparatus of individual bodies. They, in turn, also have a concept, structure and features, which will be discussed later in the article.
The notion of the authority of the country
All the main types of state bodies proceed from the theoretical beginning of power in the country. Earlier it was already mentioned that such organizations are one of the signs of the existence of state will. Therefore, they must be viewed from the standpoint of the power category. Thus, state bodies are specific organizations whose purpose is to manage the state at different levels. They, as a rule, have an object to which their activities are directed, as well as the subjective composition of persons implementing the functions of these structures.
Different understanding of government bodies
Types of state bodies can be considered on the basis of different classification features. As practice shows, in every country there are quite different official structures. However, in accordance with the key normative acts, namely the Constitutions, any bodies, regardless of their territorial or functional affiliation, are mainly responsible for the increased level of control over the citizens of the state. As for the discrepancy between the understanding of the belonging of certain structures, the prosecutor's office is the most striking example. For many years scientists have been arguing over whether it is a public authority or not.
State apparatus in the Russian Federation
The system and types of government bodies, as a rule, represent a single hierarchical structure. That is, the implementation of the country's tasks takes place through the central apparatus. The latter category is a system of authorities. It should be noted that it has its own structure, features and specificity of work. Therefore, the system of public authorities is the actual aggregate of bodies whose existence is conditioned by basic functions and state traditions. The concept indicates that this category performs its activities in a comprehensive manner. Therefore, the types of state bodies of the Russian Federation are always divided among themselves according to different criteria. Because there are no organizations in Russia that are absolutely identical in nature. "Tautology" in this sphere of social life can be disastrous for the entire state as a whole.
Classification features of government bodies
Types of public authorities are classified through different characteristics. In this case, this graduation should not be confused with the system of state bodies, which consists of only 3 basic elements. Classification work is done somewhat differently. As a rule, types of government bodies are allocated on the basis of various criteria, namely:
1.Po hierarchical level in power in general (higher, lower and central).
2. By the method of actual formation of the current composition (elected, elected, appointed).
3. Regulatory activities of the bodies (established by the provisions of charters, by-laws, laws, the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
4. The composition of staff (individual, collective).
5. By the method of expression of will (collegial, single-sided).
All the types of government are very often recognized as additional scientists. This means that the main classification is based on other criteria.
Bodies based on territorial division
Very often, the types of government are distinguished on the basis of their role in the territorial scales of the Russian Federation. In this case, mention should be made of the federation of the represented state. On the basis of this, the following types of state bodies of the Russian Federation are singled out, namely:
- Structures of a federal nature. As a rule, these or other types of federal state bodies allocate on the basis of the significance of the decisions they make. Speaking specifically about national structures, their regulatory requirements are mandatory for execution throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
- The system of authorities of the subjects of the federation is also quite an important link in the process of realizing the functions of the state, but their influence extends only to the territory of individual units.
In addition, there is also a generally accepted system of classification of state bodies, which operates practically all over the world. Its appearance is due to the principle of separation of powers, coined by John Locke and Louis de Montesquieu in the Age of Enlightenment.
System and types of state bodies on the basis of power sharing
Despite the fact that all departments perform a variety of functions that determine their role in the structure of the country's apparatus, they are for the most part part of a single three-element mechanism. It was developed long ago, as already mentioned in the article. Most often this category is called the principle of power sharing. According to him, all state bodies are divided between three main directions: legislative, executive and judicial. In accordance with this, it is possible to single out a number of similar structures that perform specific functions.
Legislative Bodies
As in all modern states, the Russian Federation has one key legislative body. It is he who is endowed with exclusive powers to issue normative acts of higher legal force after the Constitution of the Russian Federation - federal laws. This is the most legitimate type of legal lawmaking. With its help, direct regulation of this or that sphere of social activity is carried out. To date, such a body in the Russian Federation is the Federal Assembly or the Parliament. In Russia, this organization consists of two chambers, namely the State Duma and the Federation Council. It should be noted that the territorial units of the federation also have their own legislative bodies. But their range of powers is much less than that of a national body. As a rule, the legislative bodies of the subjects of the federation can issue normative acts with a view to regulating purely territorial issues. In addition, the products of their lawmaking should not contradict the current federal legislation.
Executive power
Different types of executive bodies of state power are responsible for the actual implementation of legislation. The system of such departments is headed by the government of the Russian Federation. This body includes ministries. In the process of realizing their functional tasks, control and actual execution of legislation and separate legal norms are carried out. The Russian government also implements policies in specific areas of activity. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation is responsible for enforcing law enforcement policy in the territory of the state.
There are certain types of executive bodies of state power, whose structure is determined by the head of the country, that is, directly by the President. These include various services and agencies.
Judicial branch
The most independent in many states, including in the Russian Federation, is the judicial branch of power. It is entrusted with the important task of administering justice in the state and resolving certain disputes. The judicial system is built on the principle of independence. That is, it is not regulated by any other types of government. This makes it possible to produce justice objectively and qualitatively. Judicial bodies of state power include a lot of different departments. These include the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the supreme courts of the republics, district and regional courts, etc.
It should be noted that the judiciary is in some way responsible for the quality of state legislation. After all, the organs of this branch exercise control over the compliance of federal laws with the Constitution, as well as with the general principles of law.
The principles of building a system of government bodies
The above three-element system of bodies for the control and coordination of society is built on the principles. These initial provisions actually determine the effectiveness of state authorities. These include the principles of democracy, the separation of powers, which was already mentioned earlier, and the unity of the system. The last category says that all bodies without exception are interconnected and controlled by each other, with the exception of the judicial bloc.
Conclusion
In the article, we analyzed the concept and types of state bodies, and also got acquainted with their structure. It should be noted that the system of coordination and regulation of the society and relations existing in Russia has proved to be quite effective. Therefore, it is necessary everywhere to engage in its modernization, so that power in the state would act even more qualitatively.
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