Chechen teips and their origin

Today it is no longer clear why and at what time the establishment of such a system as the Chechen teips took place. It is known that already in the middle of the eighteenth century Nokhchi (Chechens), having combined with the Ingush, completely laid down their ethnic group. Until that time, it is not known how long the kind of military-economic unions, that is, the Chechen teips, were being formed.

Legend

Legends say that the ancestors of the Chechens had a bronze pot with the names of the first twenty teips forged on it, but the boilers that were not included in this list were melted. Nevertheless, the names of the original twenty remained: Sesanha Ilesi-nekie, Benoy, Mly-nek, Yubak-nekie, Tsentoroy and the other fifteen.

The Chechen teips united with each other. These large formations were called tukhums. Nine tukhums already in the middle of the nineteenth century were united by Chechen teips, of which there were one hundred and thirty-five. Today there are more of them, and they are divided into mountainous, which are more than a hundred, and flat, about seventy. Each teip inside is divided into branches and surnames (gary and neky). The head is the council of the elders of the teip, where the most experienced and respected representatives rule the law, in addition, the post of biachcha - commander is obligatory.

Clean and mixed

The Chechen teips were called, the list of which will be presented as fully as possible, respectively, the area where the family lived, or the case that the family was engaged in. For example, teip Kharachoy (in translation into Russian - "cave") or teip Shara (translation - "glacier") is clearly named after the first type, but teip Peshkhoy is teip pechnikov, teip Hoi - guards, tep Deshni - goldsmiths .

There are teips pure and mixed. Nokhmakho - that's how any pure teip is called - formed purely from Chechens, the rest was mixed with other blood. Gouna, for example, is related to Terek Cossacks, Kharachoy - to a large extent with Circassian blood, Dzumsa - with Georgian, and Arsala - with Russian. Thus, the mixed Chechen teips are distinguished. Their list is more extensive than nokhmakho.

The main thing for teips is the beginning

As this is a clan union, here the personality of every Chechen is formed and all moral and moral norms are inculcated in him. These Chechens are called postulates by beginnings. I started twenty-three. Some here will be listed. The inviolability and unity of customs for all teip members without exception is the first principle. The second gives the right to land ownership on a community basis. The third beginning is unlikely to correspond to the representations of the rest of the civilized world - it prescribes a blood feud for the killing of a relative by teipu, and this does not depend even on the proximity of kinship. Clean Chechen teips to this day zealously relate to the laid start.

The fourth principle prohibits incest, that is, marriage between members of the teip is impossible. Fifth - for mutual assistance, if necessary, the whole teip is obliged to provide assistance to its representative. The sixth Chechens call to honor the deceased: if a member of the teip dies, mourning is all for a certain period of time, holidays and amusements are forbidden. The seventh beginning about the council of elders, the eighth - about the choice of leader and commander, no position is inherited. The ninth beginning of representation, which is also decided by the council of elders, and the tenth - about the fact that the posts in the council of elders are lifelong, however the history of the Chechen teips also tells about the instances of the representative's displacement.

Blood vengeance

The third beginning, which the Chechen teips and tukhums profess, requires wider disclosure. So, chir is a blood feud for any person of this kind. This is a custom with unusually deep roots. Even in the recent past, in case of murder, the whole family name, and sometimes the teip, was forced to flee to foreign lands. Qi - blood - passed for many decades from generation to generation, until the last representative of the given name, branch or teip was killed.

In the later period, the blood passes only to one family, but earlier the chi boundary was determined by the council of elders of neutral teips.

Immediately after the murder, the elders' councils gathered in the teip where the misfortune happened, and in the fact that it happened. In the first - they made a decision about revenge, and in the second they sought opportunities for reconciliation. Then there were negotiations. If the teip killed did not agree to reconciliation, then the neutral councils of elders were connected. If, on the other hand, they did not gain peace, they began to work out the conditions for revenge: how widespread revenge, what kind of weapon. To kill a blood can not under any circumstances in the back and without warning, in the holy month of Ramadan, and also on other holidays, you can not kill in a crowded place and - especially - on a visit.

The beginning of the expansion of the system

Civilization is taking its toll. Researchers are sure that today the Teip system in Chechnya is gradually dying. Large teips - for example, Centar and Beno - have grown so much that even blood relationship is forgotten and marriages within teips are possible. Many of them are dismembered gradually by an increasing number of genera, and the initial teip becomes a tukhum.

Many Chechens remember the time when the youngest of them could name more than twenty tribes of their own direct ancestors. Now, not even every young Chechen responds to belonging to the teip. Adults and elderly people are visibly worried, since kinship in Chechen society is a fundamental one. People without a clan-tribe can not be Chechens.

Notable Chechen teip

Yalhoy, or rather, Yalhora, a very famous teip. It was from him that Dudayev's last name occurred, and also this is one of the few teips in which there existed hired employees, and according to other sources - slave labor. The origin is connected with the caste professional organization, the soldiers of Yalkhoroy even earned, guarding the boundaries of other teips.

They lived in the same village, and also throughout Chechnya and Ingushetia, where they founded the village. Yalkhoroi were the most loyal supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev. Till now in this clan there is a cult of militancy and many other purely mountain values: hospitality, veneration of women. They have a decisive character and in their ancestors refer themselves to people of princely dignity.

Only a few Chechen teips have been adequately studied. Their origin is established and confirmed by numerous studies of scientists. The rest is known much less, and the information differs due to the fact that they are collected most often from oral legends and legends.

Chechen Teyp Dash (Chart)

This is an extremely interesting clan, most notable for the fact that the Chartoans almost never fought, but on the contrary they were peacekeepers and often acted as mediators in any intra-Chechen affairs. He was either himself with himself, or in tukhum Nokhmakhkaha - the information is different.

They had a tribal village in Chechnya - Chartoy-yurt, but also lived in a dozen places in Chechnya and in Georgia. Of the famous representatives was Naib Imam Shamil and Colonel in the guard of Alexander the First. According to the Chechen teips, of Jewish origin, only Teip Chartoy, this explains many of the differences between this clan and others.

Belgata, Belta (Biltoy) and Chermoy

Quite a large and well-known throughout Chechnya, Teip Belgatoy once existed as part of the Tepty Belta. The legend of the origin is very beautiful. Once upon a time it happened that the epidemic wiped out almost the entire Belgatai, but the counted survivors again multiplied and made their genus even more successful than it was before. This is confirmed by the name itself: bel - "die", gatto - "resurrect". Among the Chechens, the Belgait people are considered to be very energetic and efficient people.

Belta (or Biltoy) is also a large and well-known clan. Hence came the politician Beibulat Taimiev, a contemporary of Pushkin, about whom the poet wrote during his trip to Arzrum. The people of Belta settle everywhere, and in olden times lived in Nozhayurtovsky district, in the east of Chechnya. A well-known genus, which the entire Chechen Republic knows. Tapes her inhabit a variety, but here's the most prominent politician and oil industrialist Tapa Chermoyev came from here. They settled mainly in the Mekhkets and the tribal mount Chermoy-lam, and in ancient times, as the legends say, all the Blacks lived deep in the mountains.

The Chechen teip Alleroi (Aleroi)

The name of this teip was stored on the legendary bronze pot, brought by the ancestors in Nakhsh. It was here, in the settled throughout the country, but rooted in Chechnya Eastern, it was in this clan that Aslan Maskhadov was born , the ex-president, who was cast into bandits. This teip is clean, along with other written on the bronze cauldron is included in the Nakhchmakhaha. It settles in Nozhai-Yurt and Shali districts.

The history of the Allyrians has existed since the fifteenth century, after the invasion of Khan Timur, who interrupted a lot of local residents and left his governors in Kabardino princes, Takar, Nogai, Jaisan murz and khans in Chechnya. The Chechens quickly multiplied and began to make daring attacks on the Timur vassals, trying to make a reconquest - to conquer their lands. The first allle founded the aul of allergies, united the compatriots who remained after the invasion of Tatar-Mongols to defend their lands. Alleroy shares inside another five teips, because the genus has become numerous, and it is still considered clean.

Benoa

It must be the largest of Chechnya's teips, at least - in second place in number. Benoist billionaire Malik Saydullaev claims that out of a million remaining Chechens, three hundred and sixty thousand belong to Teipu Bena. They are scattered throughout the republic, divided into nine genera. In all the wars took an active part, where they gained fame. For example, Baysangur Benoevsky did not leave Shamil until the very end, despite the military success turned away from the hero.

A huge number of Benoites live in the diasporas of the Near East, where terrorism is spreading all over the world. And in Chechnya, on the contrary, the Benoites are considered clumsy and rustically cunning. But even here they are fearless, faithful to the word and duty. A lot of centuries ago, the backbone of the peasant strata of the people was formed, which threw off the power of the Dagestani and Kabardinian rulers. These are the fathers of the democracy of the mountains, which became the foundation of the ethnic mentality. Among the genera of Teip Ben, there are both Russian and Georgian blood.

Gendargena

Tape is also extremely numerous and famous, moreover - the center, from the historical Nokhchimokhka, widely settled around Chechnya. Diplomat and political figure Doku Zavgaev is from here. There is a barn for Chechnya, Dagestan and much more remote places. It was here that the pre-Islamic Nashi existed as a cultural, political, ritual and religious center.

Here the Council of the country was founded (Mehk khelov), from where pure Chechen teips appeared, among which, of course, and Gendargena, whose representatives throughout the history of the country occupied one of the most prominent places. Soviet power allowed the Gendargenians to learn what they were doing with greater success than members of other clans. That is why this teip gave the country many leaders, party members and business executives.

Kharachoy and Deshni

This teip is famous for its representatives - Zelimkhan Kharachoevsky and Ruslan Khasbulatov, who lived in different centuries, but gained about equal fame. Information about this clan came to the written Russian documents very early, and the Chechens say that it was the Kharachoites who were the first to marry the Russians, which did not stop Zelimkhan from becoming an outstanding fighter against the tsarist power when the Caucasus was conquered. Chechnya respects this teip very much.

Deshni is a mountain clan, in the southeast of the country, it belongs to pure teips. Until now princely surnames have been preserved here. One of those who wear this many years ago was able to marry a Georgian princess, issuing Deshni-lam, belonging to all teip, for his own. Now Deshni live everywhere, even in Ingushetia.

Nashkhoy and Zurzakho

Nashkho - the homeland of pure teips, is the entogenetic center of medieval Nokchimatins, mentioned by Armenian geographers of the nineteenth century. Lived in the south-east of the country. Some researchers consider the entire population of this locality to be a single teip. Others - subdivide.

Zurzakho is a teip of ancestral, even in the name of its preserved medieval ethnonym - dzurzuk, as the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush called themselves. This teip in tukhum did not enter, always taking an independent position. This he was not alone, still Sadoy, Peshkhi, Majstoy.