Bukhara Emirate: photo, state symbols, social structure, agricultural community, orders, coins. Accession of the Bukhara Emirate to Russia

Bukhara Emirate is an administrative entity that existed from the late 18th to early 20th centuries in Asia. Its territory was occupied by modern Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and part of Turkmenistan. During the war of Russia against the Bukhara emirate, the latter recognized the vassal dependence on the empire and received the status of a protectorate. Let's consider further, what this territory was famous for.

History of the Bukharian Emirate

The founder of the administrative education was Mohammed Rahimbiy. After his death, power passed to his uncle Danalilbia. However, he was a weak ruler, which caused discontent among the townspeople. In 1784, the insurrection began. As a result, the power passed to the son of Daniilbiya Shahmurad. The new ruler began by eliminating two influential and corrupt dignitaries - Nizamuddin-kazikalon and Davlat-kushbegi. They were killed before the eyes of the courtiers. After that, Shahmurad handed the townspeople a letter, according to which they were exempt from a number of taxes. Instead of them, a collection was established to support the army in case of war. In 1785, the monetary reform that embraced the whole of the Bukhara emirate began. Coins were of two types: full-fledged silver and unified gold. Shahmurad personally began to head the judicial department. During the years of his reign, he returned the left bank of the Amu Darya with Merv and Balkh. In 1786 Shahmurad suppressed excitement in Kermine district, made successful trips to Khojent and Shakhrisabz. In addition, the war with Timur-shah (the Afghan ruler) was successful. Shahmurad managed to keep the southern part of Turkestan, where Tajiks lived.

Feudal wars

After the receipt of the throne by the emir Haydar (the son of Shahmurad) mass uprisings and strife began. In 1800, excitement began among the Turks of Merv. Soon the war with Kokand began, during which Haidar managed to keep Uratyube. The political system of the country during his reign was represented in the form of a centralized monarchy, approaching absolutism. The bureaucratic apparatus of Haydar consisted of 4 thousand people. The strength of the army has increased significantly. It numbered 12 thousand people.

The Board of Nasrullah

Haydar's son gained power almost unchecked - Mir Umar and Mir Hussein, his elder brothers were killed. Supported by the clergy and the army, Nasrullah began a tough fight with fragmentation, trying to curb the nobility. During the first month of his stay on the throne, he executed 50-100 people. daily. The new ruler sought to unite the areas from which the Bukhara emirate was nominally included. In the management of the regions, they were involved in the native people, who were completely indebted to him. The conquest of the Kokand Khanate of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva Khanate, negatively affected the internal politics and life of the population. The wars in the period of Nasrullah's rule were almost uninterrupted. Khiva Khanate and Bukhara Emirate fought for a number of frontier territories.

The offensive of the Red Army

As a result of military actions, the Bukhara emirate joined Russia. The year 1868 became a watershed in the existence of the territory. At that time, the ruler was Muzaffar. In March, he declared war on Russia. However, his army was defeated on May 2 by a detachment of General Kaufman. Later, the Russian army entered Samarkand. But this was not yet the official accession of the Bukhara emirate to Russia. The year 1873 was marked by the appropriation of the territory under the control of the Red Army of the status of a protectorate. The dependence greatly increased during the reign of Abdulahad. The last one to have power was Siyyid Alim Khan. He was a ruler before the arrival of the Bolsheviks in 1920, as the Bukhara emirate had already joined Russia as a result of the operation of the Red Army.

Administrative apparatus

The emir acted as head of state. He had practically unlimited power. The collection of taxes was handled by kushbegi. He was the chief vizier and managed the affairs of the country, conducted correspondence with local beks, and also supervised the administrative apparatus. Daily kushbegi personally reported to the ruler about the situation in the country. The Chief Vizier appointed all the officials, except the highest.

The social structure of the Bukhara Emirate

The ruling class was divided into officials of the spiritual rank - ulama and secular rank - amalldars. The first to include scientists - lawyers, theologians, teachers of madrassas and others. Secular persons were transferred to the rank of emir, and representatives of the spiritual class were elevated to this or that dignity or rank. The first was 15, the second - 4. Bekam submitted to the sofa, kurbashi, yasaulbashi and rais. The greater part of the population was represented by the social estate. It was called fukara. The ruling class consisted of land-feudal nobility. It was called sarkarda or navkar with local rulers. During the Bukhara dominions, she was called an amaldar or sipahi. In addition to the two main classes, there was a third. It was represented by people who were exempt from duties and taxes. This social stratum was quite numerous. It included imams, mullahs, mirza, mudarrisy and others. In the upper Pyandj the population was divided into two classes: the ruling class and the tax. The lower category of the former was the Navkar (chakar). They were elected or appointed by shah or peace from people who had military or administrative skills. The ruler ruled the country in accordance with the rules of Sharia and traditional law. With him, there were several dignitaries, each of whom had a specific branch of government under their authority.

Taxes and fees

Annually, the beks contributed a certain amount to the treasury and sent a fixed number of gifts. Among them were carpets, robes, horses. After that each bek became an independent ruler in his district. At the lowest level, there were aksakals in the administration. They performed police duties. The Beks did not receive any money from the emir and had to independently maintain their administration on the funds left from the taxes of the population after payment of money to the treasury. A number of taxes were established for local residents. In particular, they paid in kind a heraj, which was 1/10 of the harvest, with money from the tanap from the kitchen gardens and gardens, and also the zeak, which was 2.5% of the price of the goods. The nomads were allowed to pay the last in kind. The tax for them was 1/40 of livestock (except for cattle and horses).

Administrative-territorial organization

Bukhara Emirate, the photo of the capital of which is presented in the article, was divided into bekstva. In them, the heads of administrations were either relatives of the ruler of the country, or persons who enjoyed his special confidence. Bekstva were divided into amliakdarstva, tumeni, etc. The Bukhara emirate in the 19th century included autonomous shakhs. They, for example, were Darvaz, Karategin, who were independent and ruled by local rulers. On the West. There were 4 mines in the Pamirs. Each of them was divided into administrative territories - a garden or a panjah. At the head of each of them stood the aksakal. As the lowest administrative rank, the arbab (headman) spoke. As a rule, he was alone in the village.

Economy

As the main occupation of the population were cattle breeding and agriculture. Most of the population consisted of sedentary people. From them formed an agricultural community. In the Bukhara emirate there were many nomadic and semi-nomadic groups. They also cultivated plots near their winter camps. In most of the territory the soil was fertile. Here there were sandy loam and loess-like clays. With good irrigation, this soil yields a large yield. The summer is hot and dry practically throughout the country. In this regard, it was necessary to arrange artificial irrigation systems. This, in turn, involved the installation of complex and large structures. If the moisture was sufficient, the agricultural community in the Bukhara emirate could cultivate all the suitable territory for this. In fact, less than 10% was processed. In this case, as a rule, such places were located near water sources. All running water, except for Vakhta, Surkhan, Amu-Darya and Kafirnigan, was used for irrigation in full. The above rivers required the installation of irrigation facilities, which was unavailable for individuals, and even for entire villages. Therefore, their water for farming was used in an insignificant amount.

Cultures

Irrigated fields were cultivated:

• Alfalfa.
• Cotton.
• Tobacco.
• Fig.
• Wheat.
• Beans.
• Millet.
• Barley.
• Linen.
• Sesame.
• Madder.
• Poppy.
• Hemp, etc.

Cotton was one of the most important products of agriculture. Its production reached 1.5 million poods. Of this volume, more than half were supplied to Russia. As some crops ripened quickly due to high temperatures during the spring and summer periods, the fields were sometimes re-planted with legumes and other plants. Rice was cultivated only in areas rich in moisture.

Gardens and gardens

They were a significant help to the local population. In the gardens and in the gardens were grown grapes of different varieties, quince, walnut, apricots, watermelons, plums, melons, sometimes pears and apples. Wine berry and mulberry tree were also cultivated . The latter provided cheap, and in some cases exceptional food in the form of ground and dried berries in mountainous areas. In addition, cabbage, carrots, onions, cucumbers, capsicum, radish, beets and other vegetables were grown in the gardens.

Cattle breeding

It was quite well developed, but it was not the same in different localities. In the plains and oases, where the predominantly sedentary population is present, cattle breeding was not common. The animals were grown mainly by Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz - nomadic peoples. They settled on the western steppes. Karakul sheep and camels were bred here. Cattle-breeding in the eastern mountain territories was well developed. In particular, the pastures were in the valleys of the Alai and Hissar ranges, Darvaz and other areas. The population grew sheep, horses, goats and other cattle here. It was thanks to these territories that the Emirate of Bukhara was supplied with pack and slaughter animals. As the main markets were the cities of Karshi and Guzar. Merchants from flat areas flocked here. In former times, the Emirate of Bukhara was famous for thoroughbred and beautiful horses (Karabayirs, Argamaks, etc.).

Industry

Bukhara Emirate is an agrarian country. There were no large factories and factories here. All products were produced on the simplest machine tools or manually. The first place in the industry was occupied by the cotton industry. Local cotton was processed into coarse calico, cheat and other materials. They dressed almost everything, except representatives of the elites, the population. Popular materials were silk and semi-silk fabrics. Wool was used mainly by nomads. Other developed industries include the manufacture of saddles, leathers, shoes, pottery and metal utensils, metalwork and cast-iron products, harness, vegetable oils and dyeing.

Trade

Bukhara Emirate occupied quite a convenient geographical position. This had a positive effect on foreign trade. With the European part of Russia, merchants were connected in part along the old caravan route through Orenburg and Kazalinsk. The main means of communication was the railway through Astrakhan and Uzun-Ada. Goods were exported to Russia for the amount of 12 million rubles, and they were brought in. The exported products are charged with a zaket (2.5% of the cost). With the exported goods, 5% was paid if the trader is a subject of Bukhara or another country, and 2.5% if he is Russian.

Flag

It depicted the state symbols of the Bukhara emirate. The flag was a rectangular piece of light green color. Along his shaft, the Arabian letter printed in golden letters the name of the emir, and on the free edge - the shahada (certificate of belonging to the faith in Allah). Between these inscriptions was a crescent and a star (five-pointed). They were above the "hand of Fatima" - a protective amulet. The border of the flag was orange with black ornament. The shaft is painted green, there was a golden crescent upstairs.

Marks of Excellence

For the first time the Order of the Bukhara Emirate was introduced after obtaining the status of a protectorate. This significant event provoked a number of significant changes in the internal life of the country. In particular, the system of awards for merit was introduced. The first insignia was the Order of the Noble Bukhara. It was established by Muzafar-en-Din in 1881. By 1882 the Order had some officers of the local army. By 1893, he was divided into 8 degrees. In the same year it was updated. In accordance with the premium order, a ribbon and a sign were introduced. Before one of the Emir's trips, a whole stock of orders was made. During his travels, he distributed more than 150 stars. In this case, according to sources, their owners could be a variety of people - from the bearers of the imperial family to journalists. After a while the ruler began to distribute the order to his own subjects. By the beginning of the 20th century it was difficult to find an official, a bai, an officer in Bukhara, who would not have a star on his robe. In addition, the award was often given to the Russians. The Order was also received by merchants who traded with Bukhara. To do this, it was enough to make a small donation to a certain official. It is worth mentioning that the emir himself never called the order a star. Although this definition was known to him. The second order was established by Abdalahad in the late 1890's. He looked like a star, had a ribbon and a sign. He was called "The Sign of the Crown of the State of Bukhara." In 1898 another award was established - a tribute to the memory of Alexander III. It was called "Iskander Salis" ("The Sun of Alexander"). This order was awarded only to Russian high-ranking officials. It was made of gold in the form of a star with 8 rays with ornament. In the center was a circle, inside of which were placed 4 diamonds, arranged in the form of a triangle, which meant the letter "A". In a small circle under it was the number III. She was also surrounded by diamonds. The orders of the Bukhara emirate dated to the Hijra (Muslim calendar). Manufacturing was carried out by special templates. The mint was engaged in stamping.

Message paths

In the Bukhara emirate wheel roads were not very common. At the same time, those that existed were mostly located in the north-western and northern parts of the country. Wheeled message was carried on the arbas. They were carts on 2 high wheels with a wide swing. Arba was perfectly adapted to bad roads. Movement and transportation of goods carried out caravan routes with the help of camels. To travel through the mountains, packhorses and donkeys were used. Khanate was divided by the Gissar range. To the north-west and north of it, transportation and communication were carried out mainly on arbas and partly on packs, and to the south - only by a pack method. The latter is mainly due to the low cultural development of the terrain on the one hand and the bad roads on the other. Almost all the main routes started from Bukhara. They served not only for internal communication, but also for communication with neighboring countries. The shortest road to Amu Darya goes to Kelif via Jam. The message is carried on the arbas. There is a ferry near Kelif. Here the channel of the Amu-Darya is not wide. However, in this place there is a great depth and high speed of the current. The message was also carried by the ferry at Shir-Oba and Chushka-Guzar. These routes lead to Kabul, Mazar-e-Sherif and Balkh. In addition, it was possible to cross the river on the steamships of the flotilla. It consisted of two steamships and the same number of iron barges. The latter raised up to 10,000 poods of cargo. The communication between Kerky, Chardjuy and Petro-Alexandrovsky, however, was unsatisfactory. This was due to the large draft of the steamers, the changeable channel of the Amu Darya, its rapid flow and other factors. Used in transportation and kayuki. These native boats raised 300-1000 poods. Down the river the movement was on the oars, and upwards - the flight. At the same time a day they passed about 20 miles. The Samarkand section, which belongs to the Transcaspian railway, was almost entirely located in the Bukhara emirate, which favorably influenced its trade relations with Persia and Russia.

Army

The army of the emirate included permanent soldiers and militia. The latter was called for by necessity. When declaring gazavat (holy war) , all Moslems who can carry arms were brought to the service. In the infantry there were 2 companies of the Emir Guard and 13 battalions. In total there were 14 thousand people. In the armament of the infantry there were smoothbore and rifled hammer rifles with bayonet knives. In addition, there were many flint and wick weapons. In the cavalry there were 20 regiments of the Halabatra and 8 regiments of Khasabardars. They were armed with Falconet for one for two and acted as mounted riflemen. They numbered in total about 14 thousand people. There were 20 artillery pieces in the artillery. After the arrival of the Soviet power in Bukhara, there was organized a powder and cannon foundry. Soldiers received some money in money, partly in kind, in the form of a certain amount of wheat.

Interesting Facts

The natives of the Bukhara khanate became the founders of a number of settlements located on the territory of the modern Omsk region. Subsequently, they accounted for the bulk of the population of this locality. For example, the descendants of sheikhs, preachers of Islam from Central Asia in Siberia, founded Kazatovo.