Automatic lathe and its characteristics. Multi-spindle lathe automatic lathe with CNC. Manufacturing and processing of parts on automatic lathes

A lathe is a special machine, the processing of parts on which is done without the participation of the worker. It is worth the equipment of this type is more expensive than usual. However, in use it is considered more convenient. All operations on such machines are made in automatic mode. The worker follows only the loading of blanks and carries out quality control of the manufactured parts.

Types of machine tools

There are several types of such equipment. Manufacturing of details can be made on one-spindle or multi-spindle machine-tools. Structurally, they differ little. The only difference is that on such equipment as single-spindle automatic lathes, turning is performed using only one working tool. There are several of them in the design of multi-spindle machines. By the type of machined parts, all lathes are divided into:

• Screw-cutting;

• Carrousel;

• Lobotocaric;

• Turning-milling;

• Lathe-turret;

• Longitudinal turning.

Screw-cutting machines are used for all types of turning operations, carousel machines for processing large-size blanks. Lokotokarnye automatic machines are used for grinding cylindrical, frontal and conical products. Milling equipment is used for embossing. Lathe-turret machines are used to manufacture parts of complex shapes. About what the machine is designed for longitudinal section and what are the features of their design, in all details, we will talk below.

Purpose of automatic lathes

As with conventional machines, this type of equipment produces such jobs as:

• Longitudinal turning of cylindrical and stepped surfaces;

• Processing of external conical;

• Cutting of grooves, processing of ends and ledges;

• Boring holes;

• Drilling;

• Thread cutting;

• Corrugation;

• Shaped grinding.

General structural features

All lathes and semiautomatic machines, like conventional machines, are thus designed to remove certain parts of the workpiece while rotating the latter. By design, different types of this equipment can vary greatly. However, the main features for most types are common. The design of any lathe includes: a frame, a front and a tailstock, a carriage. The latter is designed to hold the tool and move it in the desired direction. Responsible for this process is a special filing mechanism.

On the headstock of equipment such as a lathe-automatic machine, a spindle and a mechanism for changing the speed are mounted. It is fixed very firmly, as it can cause vibrations transmitted to the workpiece and reduce the quality of the finished part. The spindle in the headstock is fixed on bearings and equipped with special clamping devices (loops or cartridges). In motion, it is driven from a separate electric motor through the gearbox.

The lathe in the lathe can be used in different (inverted, V-shaped, flat). Located this element of the construction should be as accurate as possible. Any deviation leads to a significant decrease in the quality of the products manufactured.

The tailstock is used to maintain long billets during turning. It is usually located along the table and fixed in the position convenient for the production of the detail.

The lathes can be automated using a controller or a mechanical controller. From simple CNC machines, this type of equipment is distinguished by the fact that the workpieces are also automatically processed in this case. CNC such machines can be equipped additionally.

The difference between automatic machines and conventional machines

Works on machines of this type, thus, can be carried out the same as on simple turning equipment. The difference lies in the fact that the turning of parts on automatic machines is performed according to a rigidly defined cycle. On a conventional machine, the worker, after completing the production of one part, can immediately begin to grind the other. On the automatic machine, the adjustment of the cams takes several hours, and preparation for it is several days.

Scope of use

Lathe machines have much greater productivity than conventional machines. Since frequent reconfigurations lead to loss of production time, this equipment is usually used in large-scale production. In addition, since such equipment is quite expensive, it is advisable to apply it only if it is necessary to manufacture parts of very complex shapes with a large number of transitions. Very often in enterprises use highly specialized machines of this type, designed for the production of a single component or a small group of products.

Multi-spindle automata

This kind of turning automatic equipment is used in enterprises for mass production of parts of different shapes and sizes. This is such machines differ from single-spindle, used mainly for the production of serial identical products. There are two varieties of such automata:

• Horizontal . The main advantage of such machines is the convenience of loading the raw material. Therefore, they are used wherever continuous feeding of the rod is used.

• Vertical . The advantage of multi-spindle lathes of this variety is considered to be small dimensions. Places in the room equipment of this type does not take too much.

Multi-spindle lathe can sometimes be used in small-scale production. But only if equipped with a CNC.

Automatic turning machines

Equipment of this type has recently become more popular. Longitudinal turning machines are used to make basically small parts of a very complex shape. A distinctive feature of their construction is the presence of a movable spindle head. The type of clamping in such machines is used collet. The counter-spindle in longitudinal turning machines is mounted on high-precision linear guides.

A feature of the machines of this variety, among other things, are small dimensions. The work zone is also not too extensive for them. Automatic machines of this type usually operate at very high speed.

Lathe automatic lathe can be used in both mass production and serial production of parts. Most often, this type of equipment is used in the optical, electrical and instrument-making industries. Cutters in such machines are installed in calipers and move only in the horizontal direction. In production, longitudinal turning machines are used, both single-spindle and multi-spindle.

Lathe automatic lathe is designed to perform such operations as:

• Grinding steps;

• Grooving and cones;

• Boring of shallow holes;

• Processing of shaped surfaces;

• Thread cutting internal and external;

• Deployment of holes;

• Rolling of external surfaces;

• Milling the splines at the screws;

• Drilling.

Surfaces on machines of this type can be treated in a variety of ways: conical, cylindrical, stepped, etc. To expand the possibilities of longitudinal turning machines, all kinds of additional devices are used. For example, the use of transmission levers can reduce wear on cams and pushers of pushers.

Design features of longitudinal turning machines

The spindle head of these machines is fixed on the upper plane of the frame. In front there is a special plat on it, designed to install additional devices. On the top of its plane there is a vertical support, and on the back - a rocking stop. Management of such equipment, as a longitudinal lathe, is made through a system of cams and camshafts fixed in the frame.

Main advantages

The advantages of longitudinal turning machines are primarily attributed to:

• The possibility of obtaining shaped and conical surfaces using prismatic incisors;

• Smooth quality surface of finished products;

• The possibility of milling both along the axis of the part and across it;

• The possibility of rolling small digits, signs and letters.

Machining of parts on lathes of this type can be carried out with maximum accuracy.

Principle of operation

During the processing of the raw material, such machines are given not only rotational motion, both conventional and progressive, along the axis. Cutters themselves in such equipment, as lathe bars, longitudinal turning, move only perpendicular to the rod. The radial forces arising during processing are perceived by the lunette. This allows you to eliminate all kinds of vibrations and deflections and, accordingly, ensure high accuracy of processing.

The cycle of movement of the headstock and tools in machine-tools for longitudinal turning is specified by cams tuned specifically for this particular part. The latter are mounted on a special shaft, the number of revolutions of which can vary, even if the spindle speed is unchanged.

Servicing of automatic turning machines

The machines of this type are simple in operation. However, of course, they require certain care. For example, in order for the cooling system to function smoothly, it needs to periodically change the oil. It is also recommended to wash the liquid bath every month. The design of the cooling system also includes a filter, which should be cleaned with the same periodicity. Follow these recommendations should be. Repair of a lathe is a costly business.

CNC machines

As already mentioned, machines designed for the manufacture of metal parts can additionally be equipped with CNC. Such control systems are usually used in case the lathe is designed to produce parts in serial or small-scale production. The software used in the CNC allows:

• Automate the processing process;

• Improve the quality of machined parts;

• Significantly reduce the setting time of the machine.

All kinds of drives and converters in the CNC are used digital. They represent electric motors that operate either from alternating current or from direct current. In the kinematic diagram of the machine, special sensors are built in using the CNC. The working tool in machines equipped with CNC is used as durable as possible, since they function with very high speed and productivity. The construction of the base for such machines must be extremely rigid.

Multi-spindle longitudinal turning machine with numerical control

Actually, the numerical software itself is nothing more than a computer system with special software installed on it, which controls the drives of the machine. Usually the standard equipment of automatic machines equipped with CNC is as follows:

• spindle;

• cooling system;

• Antispindle;

• Lighting for work area;

• A sensor for ejecting processed parts;

• Bushing variable;

• A special device intended for acceptance of finished products;

• Tools for external and internal turning;

• Front and transverse drive tools;

• The CNC system itself.

Simple lathes multispindle longitudinal turning without CNC are used mainly for multi-series manufacturing of a large number of various kinds of small parts, most often long and small sections, complex shapes. The latter usually serve as elements of the construction of modern medical and laboratory equipment, electronics, watches, etc.

Installation of CNC on such machines can also produce a large number of products, but not the same, but in different forms (that is, in small batches). Ordinary automatic machines are most often tuned to produce a specific part and only once. The point is that the mechanical "reprogramming" of equipment of this type, as already mentioned - the procedure is extremely complicated and time-consuming. Standing out of production during re-adjustment greatly affects its profitability. Therefore, the use of conventional machines for the production of small batches of parts of different shapes is considered inexpedient.

Installation of the CNC helps to solve this problem and combine the advantages of the machine with the possibility of expanding the range of manufactured products. If you have a numeric program control system on your machine, you can reconfigure it very quickly. For example, the change of the cutting insert is made directly on the machine itself without removing the holder. To change the same speed of the tools and the order of their work, you only need to enter certain values in the program window on the CNC computer.

Production of parts on CNC turning lathes: features

The participation of the worker in the use of machines of this type is minimized. All that is required from a specialist is to monitor the uninterrupted operation of the equipment. Of course, the quality of the products in this case directly depends on the accuracy of the machine settings. Therefore, NC programs should be as thoughtful as possible.

The main task of those manufactures on which such equipment is used, such as a lathe with CNC longitudinal turning, is the release of parts with precisely specified parameters and at the same low cost. The rods used as a raw material on such machines usually have a geometrically not very verified shape (even calibrated ones). In this case, all errors and inaccuracies can easily be transferred to the finished part. After all, arbitrarily change their position or the speed of rotation without the participation of a man, working tools, of course, can not. This feature of cutting on machines is called "heredity" and is the main problem of technical programmers of enterprises. It is usually solved by reducing the speed of the machining modes along the entire cutting length. Which of course, leads to an increase in the cost of products due to increased time costs.

Meanwhile, you can get rid of "heredity" with minimal losses, using special modern CNC applied programs, developed taking into account the dynamic characteristics of the processing system that determine it. Their use allows you to assign the mode of the most accurate cutting with a reduction in the loss of time more than two times.

The best brands

Thus, the correct adjustment of the longitudinal turning machine with the use of CNC programs makes it possible to make the production of small parts as cost-effective as possible. But of course, only if the equipment itself is of high quality. Repair of longitudinal turning machines with CNC is complicated, expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the choice of such machines is a very serious and responsible business.

When buying such equipment as a lathe-automatic machine, first of all you should pay attention to its manufacturer. Good reviews were deserved, for example, machines multi-spindle longitudinal turning with CNC of the following brands:

• Tornos series MultiSwiss.

• LA155F30.

• HJM SQC38.

Tornos automatic machines

The advantages of the MultiSwiss machines are, first of all, high productivity and relatively simple construction. The multi-spindle automatic lathe with CNC Tornos is quite easy and quickly adjusted and adjusted. In order to work on such a machine, you do not need to be a specialist in multi-spindle machines. The control is made entirely through the CNC. The technical characteristics of the machines of this line are shown in the table.

Parameter	Value
Number of tool holders	7 pcs.
Max. Diameter of the rod	14 mm
Maximum length of the workpiece	40 mm
Number of spindles	6 pcs.
Maximum spindle rotation speed	8000 rpm
Power	5.6 kW
Maximum torque	7.5 Nm
Number of spindles	1 PC.
Maximum speed of rotation of the spindle	8000 rpm
Counter-spindle power	5 kW
CNC system	Fanuc
Machine weight	7000 kg
Dimensions	1440x5920x2120 mm

Models LA155F30

Three-spindle automatic lathes of this brand belong to the accuracy class "B". The main advantages of the machines LA155F30 are reliability and long service life. Even after a long period of use, these machines allow you to process parts with maximum precision. In addition, the machines LA155F30 differ not too high cost and maintainability.

The characteristics of this machine's lathes are:

• Diameter of the processed bar min / max - 6/16 mm;

• The greatest length of the product is 160 mm;

• The rotational speed of the main spindle is 80-8000 rpm;

• Electric motor power - 5.5 kW;

• Weight of the machine - 2270 kg;

• Dimensions with attachments - 5600x900x1720 mm.

Machine tools HJM SQC38

The multi-spindle automatic lathe of this brand also ensures the maximum precision of machining of parts. This equipment is intended for high-speed machining of parts (longitudinal turning and milling). Below are the technical characteristics of HJM SQC38.

Parameter	Value
Number of power tools	6 pcs.
Max. Diameter of the rod	38 mm
Maximum length of the product	210 mm
Rotational speed of the power tool	4000 rpm
Spindle rotation frequency	8000 rpm
Machine weight	4500 kg
Dimensions	2100x1450x1700 mm

Conclusion

Thus, modern CNC turning lathes are very convenient, productive and in most cases reliable. The most important thing in its operation is to use the most thoughtful software. This will increase the profitability of production and produce high-quality products with precise dimensions.