Artistic methods in the literature: types and examples

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, and also the most important component of its artistic means. Proper use of vocabulary in many ways determines the expressiveness of speech.

In the context, a word is a special world, a mirror of author's perception and attitude to reality. The artistic text has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical utterances. After all, art is first of all the self-expression of an individual person. Literary fabric is woven from metaphors, creating an exciting and emotive image of a particular artwork. In words there are additional meanings, a special stylistic coloring, creating a kind of a world that we discover for ourselves, reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, colloquial speech, we use, without hesitation, various techniques of artistic expressiveness, to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques are in Russian.

Especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness using metaphors, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic techniques in literature can not be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - metaphors. It is a way of creating a linguistic picture of the world on the basis of already existing values in the language itself.

Types of metaphors can be identified as follows:

1. Petrified, worn out, dry or historical (nose of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphoricity, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (dead grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (the heart is the "bell in the yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilev).
5. Traditionally poetic (the morning of life, the fire of love).
6. Individual-author's (hump of the sidewalk).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, an embodiment, a hyperbole, a paraphrase, a meiosis, a lito, and other paths.

The very word "metaphor" means in translation from Greek "transference". In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. To make it possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be in something related. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense because of the similarity of two phenomena or objects according to a certain feature.

This transfer creates an image. Therefore, a metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressing an artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this path does not mean lack of expressiveness of the work.

A metaphor can be either simple or unfolded. In the twentieth century, the use of developed in poetry is revived, and the character of simple changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is one of the varieties of metaphor. In Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of some word by another on the basis of the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of the portable. For example: "I ate two plates". The mixing of values, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, in space, etc.

Synecdoche

The synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. In Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning occurs when, instead of larger, the lesser is called, or vice versa; Instead of a part, an integer, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".

Epithet

Artistic methods in literature, the list of which we now compose, can not be imagined without an epithet. It is a figure, a path, a figurative definition, a word combination or a word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action from a subjective authorial position.

In Greek, this means "applied, application", that is, in our case, one word is assigned to some other.

The epithet from simple definition differs in its artistic expressiveness.

Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expressiveness. In the strict sense of the term, only those of the trails belong to the trails, the function of which is in terms of figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in the direct meaning (red berry, beautiful flowers). Images are created by using words in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymical transfer of the name can also be the basis of this path.

Oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns of opposing words (hateful, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison is a path in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this comparison of different objects by similarity, which is both obvious and unexpected, remote. Usually it is expressed with the help of certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "like". Also, comparisons can take the form of the instrumental case.

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Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention the personification. This is a kind of metaphor, representing the appropriation of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created with the help of appeals to similar phenomena of nature as to conscious living beings. Incarnation is also a transfer to animals of human properties.

Hyperbola and Litota

We note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litote.

Hyperball (in translation - "exaggeration") - one of the expressive means of speech, representing a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is at stake.

Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a nail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in the literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means in translation from the Greek "moat meat." This is an evil irony, a sarcastic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time there is clearly an ideological and emotional assessment.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery." It arises when one says in words, but it means quite the opposite, the opposite.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comic, allegorical key, whole works can sometimes be written, in which there is a mockingly good-natured attitude toward something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by AP Chekhov, as well as many of the fables of IA Krylov.

Types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic devices in the literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic device is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in creativity, for example, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin ("The Lord of Holovlev," "History of a city," a fairy tale). This is an artistic device based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of AP Chekhov and NN Gogol. Grotesque creativity of J. Swift (for example, "The Journey of Gulliver").

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "The Lord of Holovlev"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. Humor filled with works by Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov. These artistic techniques in the literature, the examples of which we have just brought, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech, representing an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity arising when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or with the similarity of their sound. His varieties - paronomasia, false etymologization, zevgma and concretization.

In puns, the wordplay is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The very word "figure" in Latin translates as "appearance, outline, image." The word is multivalued. What does this term refer to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expressiveness relating to figures: rhetorical exclamations, questions, appeals.

What is a "trail"?

"What is the name of the artistic device using the word in figurative meaning?" - you ask. The term "paths" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litota, hyperbole, personification, and others. In the translation, the word "trail" means "turnover". From ordinary speech, artistic differs in that it uses special turns that adorn speech, which make it more expressive. Different styles use different expressive means. The most important in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them cause positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, worry, alarm, cause anxiety, soothe or cause a dream. Different sounds cause different images. With their combination, you can emotionally affect a person. Reading art works of literature and Russian folk art, we especially acutely perceive their sound.

The basic methods of creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance - intentional harmonious repetition of vowels.

Often alliteration and assonance are used in works simultaneously. These techniques are aimed at causing different associations in the reader.

Reception of sound in the literature

Sound recording is an artistic device, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique is used in fiction both in poetry and in prose.

Types of sound:

1. Assonance - translated from French means "consonance." Assonance is a repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a certain sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in rhythmics, rhyming poems.
2. Alliteration - from the Greek "letter". This technique is a repetition of consonants in an artistic text to create a certain sound image, in order to make the poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - the transfer of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in verse are very common, without them poetic speech would not be so melodic.