Speaking

Any highly developed language has two speech forms - oral and written. Oral, which includes, first of all, spoken language, was formed over the centuries and is associated with the historical development of its bearers - this or that people. At a certain stage, it became a kind of foundation for the formation of written speech. Further, both forms existed in parallel, opposing by certain features.

Definition

In linguistics it is customary to assume that colloquial speech is a special kind of literary speech. The sphere of its application is everyday everyday communication, the transmission of any information, the impact on the interlocutor, the expression of the emotional state. Traditionally, colloquial speech for a number of characters contrasts with the book. Its basis is dialects and dialects, surzhki, urban slang and jargon, as well as elements of book speech. Like any significant language stratum, the colloquial form of speech has a number of distinctive features and characteristics.

Features and Signs of Speech

The features of colloquial speech are connected, first of all, with its sphere of use:

• Speaking about oral form, this speech is used, first of all, in dialogues - in conversations of two or more people. It can also be applied in monologues directed by the speaker to himself.

• Speaking is spontaneous. To talk, the speaker, as a rule, does not prepare specifically, does not think forward his own lines. They are pronounced depending on what and how the interviewee or interlocutors answer it. Even if the conversation is scheduled in advance, it is characterized by a high degree of improvisation. In this respect, the fundamental difference between spoken and spoken speech is, for example, written. In a letter, one way or another, there is an element of preliminary preparation, selection of linguistic means, a more thorough formulation of thoughts.

• Speaking, as a rule, is used in an informal atmosphere, with informal, informal communication. This is an important difference from an oral formal business conversation, for example, a conversation between a superior and a subordinate or a presentation with a scientific report, a lecture.

• Speaking as such requires compulsory participation in the conversation. These can be individual replicas accompanying the monologic speech of the interlocutor.

• Situation is also a distinguishing feature of colloquial speech. Those. Depending on the situation of communication, on the topic of conversations, information-semantic load, the emotional state of the interlocutors, the level of their intellectual and spiritual development, the professional sphere and the sphere of interests, the content side of communication and lexical-stylistic, grammatical means of expression will be determined.

• Active use of various non-verbal means of communication - facial expressions, gestures, laughter, intonation. Because One of the most important tasks of colloquial speech is understanding, these means make communication more accessible, expressive, facilitate understanding of its semantic orientation.

• For colloquial speech is characterized by the use of emotionally colored evaluative vocabulary, words with diminutive caressing suffixes or with the value of exaggeration, interjections, incomplete or truncated sentences, reduction of vowel sounds, tautology, discontinuous syntax of utterances,

Speech culture and spoken language

Although colloquial speech is distinguished by stylistic ease and even some carelessness, the higher the educational, intellectual level of the interlocutors, the more their speech corresponds to the language norms. The culture of colloquial speech is directly related to the general culture of the individual.

So, people from "dysfunctional" social groups are distinguished by a poor vocabulary, the use of vocabulary of the vernacular and abusive nature, the incorrect statement of accentuations in words, mistakes in pronunciation or use of words whose lexical meaning is completely inconsistent with the situation of communication. Grammatical, phonetic and syntactic errors (incorrect use of case forms, distortion of the word's sound envelope, incorrect construction of sentences), use of interjections instead of a full-fledged word are inherent in this talking group.

In people engaged in intellectual work, the vocabulary of an abstract character prevails or often occurs in colloquial speech, the exact, correct use of words in accordance with their lexical meaning and the situation of communication. Their speech comes close to the book in terms of imagery, lexical wealth, grammatical and syntactic literacy. However, it is also possible to use abusive words and expressions.

The character and content of speaking are influenced by the professional environment of talking people. The so-called "professionalisms" occupy a significant part of the human vocabulary.