What is a Marriage: the Meaning of a Word

Perhaps, very few of the young generation will be able to explain or at least guess what a fugitive is. The word fell out of everyday language. Older people associate this term mainly with the concept of "bachelor", but its meaning is much broader.

Ambiguous term

The word has many synonyms. He is a mother-in-law and a laborer, a day-laborer and a sharecropper, an employee and a bachelor, and also a lone, unmarried, not settled, not the master, even a monk and a proletarian. Summarizing all the synonyms, one can so answer the question of what a mare is. He is a man who has neither a stake nor a court. Of course, there is no wife either. Bachelor - not exactly an exact synonym. The term "bobyl" has a more tragic coloring. First of all, this person is not just a lonely person, but, rather, no one is needed or interesting, the dispossessed and the poor (the rich can often buy interest in themselves), deeply unhappy in old age, when nothing can improve his destiny.

Displaying a topic in literature and art

Such a person painted VG Perov. A small picture is called "Guitarist-bean". This impoverished person has no illusions and hopes. Poor, with a stopped look, a man crushed by life, he is not needed in this world. On it let the worn, but boots and casing, he can afford some sort of wine, he plays music. And still he is very sorry. And far from one work is devoted to outcast people. Sergei Yesenin has a soul-tearing story "Bobyl and Druzhok." Fans of creativity of Sergey Lemeshev know "Song of the Bean" from his repertoire, which begins with the words "Neither cola nor yard."

Class affiliation

So what is a mare? A wretched, lonely man? And this, too. But this term, rooted in the distant past (the first mention refers to the year 1500), denotes a certain variety of peasants. Kamorniki, beans, huts, kutniki were called landless or landless representatives of this estate. Due to absolute poverty, the beans had to be hired to the owner for their food. These people were so poor that at one time they were not even taxed, and they were called non-negotiable. But already in 1631 the mare, who had their own yard, began to be attracted to certain monetary and labor obligations. And since 1679, such people were subject to taxation and, thus, equaled the peasants. In this case, the question of what a fugitive is, you can answer in the following way: that this is a person forced to engage in wage labor.

According to one of the versions, the first beans appeared at the end of the 15th century in Moscow. This term was used by the servants under the contract. The situation was much worse for them than for people who were in bondage with the landlord, because the bean entered the service to the owner, was deprived of all rights, and besides, he was still obliged to pay some taxes (most often it was a tax on Ransom, payment for their freedom). With a complete lack of money and the impossibility of earning them is worse and can not be invented.

Goal as a falcon

No matter how many interpretations of the word, one thing is the same: those who were called "beans" were the poorest people in Russia. As noted above, this term first appeared in the first half of the 16th century. Moscow scribes began to use this word along with "pozemshchikami" and "nepahshennymi people." By all these names means people who do not have their lands. They were artisans and industrial people: blacksmiths and sewers, kalachniki, shoemakers, shepherds. To them in some censuses carry zemsky sextons and kabatchikov. The poor widows are also considered to be poor.

Taxes pay all

As already noted, those who were called bobyls were taxed, like the peasants, like everyone else in Russia. They paid both pits and notes (types of taxes), but taxes were levied differently. If peasants were paid from the peasants according to the sohim (a unit of taxation in Russia from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries), then they were taken from the mare and the unpeopled people along their stomachs, crafts and yards. Thus, according to the "Sotnoy" (scribal or account book) in 1627, taxes were collected from the peasants on plowland and ugod, from beans - through industries and belly. In these books, the meaning of the word "bobyl" is a legal term that determines to which class a person belongs, from whom taxes are levied.

Dark spots in history

And then, naturally, the question arises as to why clear and understandable terms "pozemshchiki" or "unsaved people" in the XVI century were replaced by the obscure word "bobyl." There is a lot of obscure, and nowhere in the documents is it specified why it happened. The "unsaved people", for the most part, were not loners, they had families, sometimes they were more wealthy than peasants, which was never observed for people. City representatives of this group went to the service, but the peasant-mare had nothing. They, if they took the land for hire, it was only for processing, but they never put yards on it. More often than not, the peasants who lived at the monasteries, again handled the land of others and paid some taxes. It must be said that with the appearance in the 17th century of corvee bars and the attachment of peasants, the latter are now fully equalized in their lack of rights with the poor.

Far and Forgotten

To become a bobyl, it was necessary to write a "bobyl record", according to which a person was deprived of his rights and received only duties for food and some clothes. Only very poor people agreed to such conditions, in fact they were engaged in slavery. And in this case, the meaning of the word "bobyl" completely coincides with the meaning of the word "proletarian": they both have nothing to lose except their chains.

Indeed, a bean is a term that has more than one meaning, if one delves into the essence of the question. For the modern generation, striving for absolute freedom, it seems wild even the word "bachelor", what kind of a bean there is. This is if we consider the term in this sense. And the answer to the question of how one word is a peasant who does not have a land allotment will be answered by very few.

It is interesting that the etymology of the term is also not clear. There are many options, but it seems more plausible that he connects the origin of the word with "beans" - a symbol of deep poverty. "Stay on the beans" - to lose everything.