Use of electricity in industry. Efficient use of electricity

The economical use of electricity today is based on the use of saving technologies. In modern conditions, this issue has become very relevant. This is mainly due to the increase in the capacity of various enterprises. Next, consider what is the effective use of electricity.

Strategies of enterprises

When developing long-range plans, any production focuses primarily on cost, load and capacity. Of no small importance in the strategy of enterprises is the share of capital investments in modernization for the coming years. For many managers, rational use of electricity is the last. However, the urgency of this problem makes us pay close attention to it. Modernization of technological capacities and efficient use of electricity must be coordinated with the strategic plan of any enterprise. Otherwise, there may be an imbalance in the expenditure of funds, which, in turn, is fraught with the failure to meet the goals for the volume of output.

Use of electricity in agriculture

Today, as specialists note, implementation of saving measures by enterprises is not sufficiently active. Increasing the level of energy efficiency in agriculture is a big and complex task. The problems of improving the quality and enhancing the reliability of supply are closely related to this issue. Special attention is being paid by experts to the reduction of energy losses, as well as the development of measures for its rational use. These tasks and ways to address them must necessarily be included in the strategic plan of any enterprise.

Solution

The potential danger of increased costs of the enterprise can be overcome by implementing a phased plan of energy and technological modernization of production capacities with previously known indicators of costs and output. The implementation of the program should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the goods, the duration of the enterprise.

Obsolete equipment

The most important factor for the introduction of promising savings programs is the development of an optimal plan, which involves the replacement of long-running power plants. Many of them work at enterprises for more than 15 years. Obsolete equipment, in particular boiler room, is characterized by high, unclaimed capacity today. The problem of long-running facilities significantly slows down the development of modern industry. The work of obsolete equipment does not require large capital investments. But due to wear and tear, breakages occur periodically. This, in turn, leads to an idle production process. As a result, the costs for maintenance, repair, and replacement of components increase. At the same time, there is an opinion that the delay in investment to modernize such facilities will save the company money. However, as practice shows, as a result, expenses not only do not decrease, but also significantly increase.

Implementation of promising projects

Usually plans that involve the efficient use of electricity are beginning to be implemented according to the general program for the modernization of all equipment. The formation of the necessary conditions for the implementation of such projects occurs when the enterprise management in the process of planning and calculating the cost of products understands the actual level of resource consumption. In particular, the utilization factor of electricity is taken into account. In these cases, management is trying to find the most quickly implemented and least expensive ways of saving. The fulfillment of this task is the first stage of the strategic program of the enterprise. The subsequent implementation of the project usually involves activities in several areas, the solution of new, more complex tasks. After achieving the necessary results of the first stage, new goals are set. They provide for more flexible cost control and management of energy costs. After that, programs are being put in place to replace obsolete equipment with more modern ones. Often this requires serious financial investments.

Importance of calculations

Efficient use of electricity is achieved if the modernization of the main equipment at the enterprise is carried out in conjunction with the volume analysis and optimization of the use of the company's resources. The necessary element of the program in this case is the calculation of the energy coefficient in the cost of manufactured products. For each industry, it is different. Thus, the energy component for the iron and steel industry is 40%, engineering - 20%, water production - 30%, and so on. This share may be insignificant. However, in this case, the competent use of electric power in industry makes it possible to produce an additional volume of output. At the same time, the underutilization of the resource will many times exceed its cost.

Instruction for the rational use of electricity

The main task of the enterprise, striving for modernization, is the reduction of resource losses in all parts of the system and in the installations themselves. Competent production, transmission and use of electricity to ensure an uninterrupted process is carried out in several ways. The main of them are:

1. Optimal construction of the supply system during reconstruction. This approach includes the use of:

- rational stress;

- the total number of transformations;

- location of the substation;

- the number and power of transformers in substations;

- reactive power compensation;

- power supply schemes and so on.

2. Reduction of losses in existing systems. It includes:

- regulation of voltage;

- management and control of power consumption modes;

- reducing the idle speed of receivers;

- modernization of the existing and application of more modern, economical and reliable electrical and process equipment;

- application of optimal methods for regulating the operating modes of ventilation and pumping units;

- installation of automatic lighting control throughout the day;

- increase in the quality of electricity ;

- application of the most optimal mode of operation of power transformers.

3. Normalization of power consumption, development of scientifically-based standards of specific energy consumption per unit of output. To implement this task, an unified monitoring and accounting system should operate at the enterprise.

4. Drawing up of balances, according to which the production, transmission and use of electricity are carried out. They are first developed for individual installations and units, gradually moving to workshops, and then to the whole enterprise as a whole.

5. Organizational and technical measures. Their development is carried out taking into account the specifics of this or that enterprise.

Loss of resource

All installations that are included in the supply system, including transformers and lines, are characterized by active resistances. As a consequence, the production and use of electricity is carried out with its losses. The overwhelming part of them occurs in transformers and on lines. Practical calculations are usually carried out taking into account losses precisely in these elements of the system. Losses in transformer windings, wires and cables are proportional to the square of the load current flowing through them, which causes their name - load. They are also often referred to as variables. This is due to the fact that the load current usually changes with time.

Organizational arrangements

As consumption increases and new installations join the network, losses also increase. At the electric power enterprises, systematic calculations are carried out. According to their results, if necessary, carry out activities that contribute to reducing losses. The main ones are:

• Maintenance on the buses of 10 kV and 0.38 kV at transformer substations or 10 / 0.4 kV, RTP 110 ... 35/10 kV of the optimum voltage level.
• Leveling of phase loads in networks with a voltage of 0.38 kV.
• Selection of the optimal sections of the overhead line (overhead lines) opening with a voltage of 10 ... 35 kV with two-way power.
• Disconnection of one transformer in the low-load mode at two-transformer substations, as well as in the PS with seasonal load.
• Reduced use of electricity for the PS's own needs.
• Reduction of the terms of maintenance and repair of switchgears, lines and transformers.

Technical Activities

Organizational measures, as well as methods for improving accounting systems, usually do not require significant initial costs. In this connection, it is always expedient to conduct them. With technical measures the situation is somewhat different. They are associated with additional investment. Among the main technical activities are the following:

• Installation of static capacitors, batteries equipped with automatic power control.
• Replacement of overloaded and underloaded transformers in consumer substations.
• Installation of equipment with voltage regulation under load.
• Replacement on congested lines of wires, including branches from air lines to buildings.
• Transfer networks to an increased nominal voltage.

Reactive power compensation

This event is considered the most effective. The principle of this compensation by capacitors connected in parallel is as follows: part of the power that is transmitted along the line, reactive, in particular, is not expended on mechanical work or heat. It acts only as a measure of the energy by which the magnetic fields of the receiver and the source are exchanged among themselves. But the current, which corresponds to the reactive power, passing through the transmission line, provokes losses. This problem, however, can be solved. In order to ensure the highest possible economic efficiency, capacitor banks in networks with a voltage of 0.38 kV should have such power that during periods of the highest reactive load, the index of which should not be higher than 0.33, the power factor for consumers should be at least 0, 95.

Transformers with on-load tap-changers

Their installation at 110 ... 35/10 kV substations ensures the use of electricity in industry not only with minimal losses, but also compliance with normalized voltage deviations at the output to consumers. Due to the mismatch of calculated and actual capacities, some transformers included in the operated network may not be loaded. At the same time, the increased load for these installations is unlikely, unless someone decides to use electricity illegally, by connecting to them. Such transformers should be replaced with less powerful devices. At the same time, the loss of idling will be reduced, and in the windings - increased. Considering this circumstance, it is possible to calculate the maximum load of the transformer included in the network, in which the replacement with a less powerful device will be expedient.

Network Bandwidth

Its increase is realized through the construction of new substations and lines. Also in the complex of activities is the replacement of all congested wires during the development of the network in accordance with special projects. Conversion of rural power plants to an increased rated voltage consists only of lines with a voltage of 10 kV instead of 6 kV. Competent use of electricity primarily involves improving the operation of receivers. Necessary technical calculations must be carried out for the entire supply system. That is, they must concern the production, transmission, and use of electricity.

Rationing

It is also of great importance. This measure provides for the establishment of norms for the specific consumption of the resource. Ensuring significant energy savings is possible not only through the development of progressive, scientifically-based standards. Of particular importance in this case is the establishment of systems of material remuneration for the fulfillment and overfulfilment of norms. The rules for the use of electricity should be periodically reviewed and improved as technological processes change, staff skills are improved, and more modern equipment is used at enterprises. This activity is the responsibility of the employees of the relevant unit. Specific norms for the consumption of electricity, which are obtained during the calculations, it is necessary to verify for this enterprise without fail. This is done using measurements during a certain period (season of work, year, etc.) in the normal operation of the enterprise. Rationing can be realized only with the adjusted accounting of energy consumption in the enterprise.

Load graphs

Without them, competent use of electricity is impossible. The determination of the throughput of transformers, wires and other networks is carried out in accordance with the highest design load. The more current flows through these elements of the system during the year, day or other period, the more they will be involved. Accordingly, the efficiency of power supply will be higher. In practice, the actual graph differs from the ideal one always by the fact that during most of the time the load is lower than the calculated one.