Types of painting. Art painting. Art Painting on Wood

Art painting as a kind of arts and crafts continues the tradition of folk art. This is not just a certain visual series, its essence is much more, because it seems to soar beyond time, uniting the work of dozens of generations of masters. It is organically connected with the Motherland - in its place of origin in the community of peasants (pastoralists, farmers, hunters).

The view of art critics on art painting

Art painting is applied to products from easily extracted traditional natural "democratic" materials: natural fabrics, wood, clay, leather, stone, bone.

Until the 17th century, its sprouts existed within individual, individual peasant farms. Skills were transmitted by masters through the lineage, from generation to generation. Special artistic methods were perfected, which made it possible to present products optimally. The most expressive and informative ways of drawing an ornament were selected. Painting in architecture decorated the ceiling, walls, arches, beams and pillars, and in everyday life - dishes, objects of labor.

In the period from the XVII to the XVIII century, art painting in Russia is already transformed into a craft that creates goods for the market. It starts to be engaged not in individual masters, but in individual areas and villages. In the XIX century, the artistic organization of the art of painting takes place. For example, the masters of the Fedoskino miniature thus self-organized after the ruin of private owners in 1903 and retained their art. In 1876, the systematization of various types of painting by Professor Isaev AA began. In the two-volume monograph "The Provinces of the Moscow Gubernia."

In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet power was placed on the creation of cooperative fishing cooperatives where historical centers of folk art developed that developed distinctive types of paintings. For example, Khokhloma painting in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The strategy for the development of painting, as well as other types of decorative and applied art, is comprehended and outlined by the scientist and teacher Vasily Sergeevich Voronov in the monograph "On Peasant Art".

At present, art painting companies are actively developing types of painting to satisfy demand both in the Russian market and abroad. Painted products, while maintaining their household functions, increasingly acquire the features of aesthetic and artistic value. For their production, modern machines and special equipment are used - for roughing and preparatory work. The main creative work, as well as several centuries ago, is done manually by artist masters.

Painting as art

It is impossible not to note that the national painting is changing the very image of the product. It becomes more expressive at the level of color scale, rhythm of lines and proportionality. Industrial "obese" products become artists' efforts to be warm and alive. The latter is achieved by applying ornament and elements of fine art (graphics and painting). Different types of painting create a special positive emotional background, consonant with the terrain of the existence of the fishery.

If to speak formally, the art painting is performed by brushing paints on a certain surface. It should be noted a significant point: in contrast to painting, modeling an integral space, painting is always fragmentary.

Specialists-designers often talk about the phenomenon of Russian painting: it universally harmonizes with almost any style: minimalism, modern, country. The techniques created by the ancient masters were perfected by many generations of craftsmen in certain localities, creating a special style expressiveness. Fortunately, in Russia in the 21st century, various types of paintings have been preserved and are developing: gzhel, khokhloma, Boretskaya, Goretskaya, Mezenskaya, Onega, Permogorskaya, Pizhma, Polhovsko-Paidanskaya, Puchuzhskaya, Rakulskaya. Let's consider features of these original styles.

The emergence of Khokhloma

The ability to paint a tree in gold without the use of gold, in fact, was transferred to Khokhloma masters from icon painters-schismatics who discovered this know-how as far back as the 12th century in the secret wilderness of the forests of the Trans-Volga region. By the way, they were familiar with the crafts that provide the painting: turning work and the art of the ancient ornament. Perhaps they also knew the ancient types of paintings,

A large commercial village of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Trans-Volga region - Khokhloma, - like a magnet, attracted skilled craftsmen.

This, in modern terms, the regional fair for a group of villages along the banks of the Uzola River worked not only for the domestic market of Russia. The well-to-do merchants bought large quantities of goods on it and drove them for export. Thus, the Khokhloma market was "under the gun" of both the domestic and foreign markets, and therefore, competition for quality over the price competition prevailed on it. A real incentive was created: the skill of a master craftsman brought him tangible prosperity.

According to the research of specialists, in the period from the XII to the XVII century, the evolution of the Khokhloma style took place, in which the ancient Nizhny Novgorod types of wood painting were integrated.

In the period from the XVII to the XVIII century Khokhloma style was basically formed. Nowadays its foci are:

- the factory "Khokhloma artist", which employs masters from the villages of the Koverninsky district (Semino, etc.). In their paintings dominated by field flowers and forest berries;

- Association "Khokhloma painting", Mr. Semenov. Masters of unification traditionally develop the theme of fantastic colors.

Technology of Khokhloma

The monastic craftsmanship of the "fine brush" found scope in the richest vegetative ornament. A great role was played by the quality of the products. The art of Khokhloma presupposed compliance by masters of a certain technology. Characteristically, it has not changed to our time. We list the order of its stages:

- turning on a lathe of a wooden billet of dishes ("linen");

- priming blanks with a liquid solution of specially prepared clay ("shaft"). Nowadays artificial primers are used for this purpose;

- tinning or silvering. Now, aluminum is used for this;

- Art painting on wood and drying of the product in the oven;

- varnishing and hot drying.

Intensive heat treatment of products has determined the color gamut preferred by Old Russian painters: a combination of gold and red cinnabar with black color. Those. The temperature of the Khokhloma furnaces did not affect the brightness and contrast of such colors.

Methods of painting Khokhloma

Ancient types of painting on a tree, integrating into Khokhloma, defined two of its systems: "background" and "riding" letter. The very name of the system contains a method of applying basic silhouette outlines.

"Horse" system involves applying a color silhouette outlines directly to the golden background. The background forms a golden "contour" directly from the background, by "sketching" the master of black and red colors of the space surrounding the "golden curls".

Each of the systems uses the same types of Khokhloma painting. There are only four of them: "kudrin", "for berries" (or "under the leaf"); "Under the carrot"; "Under the background."

"Kudrin" suggests a "grass" pattern, written with a very fine brush. It is somewhat reminiscent of sedge, however, curled by intricate harmonious dynamic rings. According to experts, this is the most ancient ornament.

"For a berry" - is drawn with a thicker brush. In addition to the "grassy base" here already appear leaves and berries. The vegetative form is stylized and combined. On the same "stalk" you can see both chamomile and leaves of strawberries.

Painting "under the carrot" involves playing a certain geometric shape (most often a diamond). The figure is animated by "bush" on the sides and illuminated by the sun in the middle.

With the method "under the background," a plant contour is successively drawn, after which the remaining free background is painted over, and mostly black.

Thanks to the uniqueness of each master's brush, Khokhloma is unique and unique. Types of paintings, discussed above, alternate on it, pleasing the eye with the harmony of golden, red and black colors.

Gzhel. Search for clay for china

Gzhel as an art of painting was born in the territory of the modern Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Old places were called Gzhel volost, and in this area the villages of Bokhteevo, Volodino, Gzhel, Kuzyaevo, Novokharitonovo, and Turygino stretched.

Until the 17th century, local peasants produced relatively primitive irrigation vessels from clay. The situation has changed due to the industrial development of local clays suitable for the production of porcelain. The starting point was the order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to find "clays suitable" for the production of apothecary vessels - in 1663.

The experiment was a success, from 1710 the pharmacy order began to use the local raw materials. Pharmacists praised the quality of clays, and the time came when they were interested in industrialists. They were interested in raw materials suitable for the production of porcelain. By decree of the Tsar in 1844, a commission was created, which included the owner of a porcelain factory in Moscow, Afanasy Grebenshchikov, and the engineer of the Porcelain Manufactory, Dmitri Ivanovich Vinogradov, who received mining engineering education at the University of Marburg. Five years looking for the right clay. In 1849, after eight months of exploration, clays were extracted, of which first-class porcelain was produced. Their quality was highly praised by MV Lomonosov himself, Vinogradov's classmate.

Gzhel. Production development

Industrialist Grebenshchikov began using the raw materials found at his Moscow plant. However, a clever people from the village of Gzhel and the surrounding villages, by the way, as we mentioned, already had pottery skills, also realized the benefit in using better clays.

The case went briskly, as in the villages lived excellent consultants - production workers from the factory A. Grebenshchikov. In the period from 1750 to 1820 handicraft masters produced majolica - oblong jugs-kvassniki, plates, mugs, dishes. Ornamental painting was performed with green, yellow, blue and eggplant paint on a white background. The image included a bird - in the center, and around it - trees, bushes, houses. (Ie, demonstrated primitive types of painting utensils). The dishes were in demand. There was a competition of quality. The former pottery factories, which produce semi-faience of high quality, identical to "overseas" utensils, were in the lead.

Mastery has refined over 80 years, and since 1820 almost all Gzhel craftsmen produce semi-faience. This is the time of the heyday of art. Products of masters can be seen in the Hermitage. These dishes began to be considered in Russia the best and most vigorous. Typical painted Gzhel teapots, bowls, plates filled houses of merchants and nobles, taverns. The types of painting are being improved. Gzhel is bought throughout the country, from Arkhangelsk to Astrakhan, exported to Central Asia and the Middle East. About thirty factories are produced. Manufacturers are engaged in production: Barmins, Guslins, Gusiatnikovs, Kiselevs, Terekhovs, Sazonovs.

Unfortunately, since 1860 there has been a decline in the Gzhel painting. Folk art, born of the competition of hundreds of small producers and dozens of mediums, is replaced by the pragmatism of the big monopolies. Among the monopolists stood MS Kuznetsov, with its five factories and an annual output of 2.1 million rubles. The production capacity of all the rest was 14% of Kuznetsovsky. Strictly speaking, the manufacturer Kuznetsov and "crushed" creativity. The competition has gone, the motivation has decreased, the quality has decreased, the decline has come.

As artists draw Gzhel

Gzhel is unique in that each master, using classical types of artistic painting for her, creates his own individual technique.

This is a subtle art. The principal role belongs to the experience of the master, which manifests itself in the way the brush moves. At the same time, the snowy whiteness of porcelain produces a harmonious color change from intensely blue to blurry blue. All this is painted with a single paint - cobalt. The image is superimposed on the surface "from the first time," quickly.

Why is the artist's skill important? Initially, the real colors of the picture are not visible (a feature of cobalt). Everything depicted seems monochrome, and only when the gzhel is burned in the oven, the figure will manifest itself to the fullest.

What is composition gzheli? The central role in it is usually occupied by a decorated flower. On the sides of it, a harmonious-coarse "grassy" plot is enriched with leaves and berries. It happens that in this picture are intertwined animalistic stories or related to everyday life (for example, at home).

How does this drawing come about? Types of artistic painting for "drawn from the first time" are actually reduced to the methods of applying the smear. There are only four of them: a brush stroke shaded, painting with one brush, pattern "sitch", and also complementary images.

Smear network shaded is characterized by a wide color range due to the different intensity of cobalt imposition by means of a special turn of the brush by the artist.

Painting with one brush is characterized by the fact that each subsequent smear in tone differs from the previous one. At the same time, the intensity of smears gradually decreases, they "brightens".

The pattern "sitch" is the thinnest. It is drawn only by the end of the brush.

The types of painting used by Gzhel are not characteristic of photographic reproduction of natural motifs, but are reinterpreted and presented in an unexpected configuration. The reinterpreted blue leaves depicted by the artist, the petals of blue tulips, asters, carnations, roses repeat the contours of birds or animals. Sometimes they outline stylized household objects or objects (for example, peasant huts).

Complementary images of the "grassy" type - antennae, spirals, hatching elements, various strokes, geometric fragments - give the image completeness, create the necessary accents.

The emergence of the Polhov-Maidan painting

The Russian folk painting is diverse. Kinds of it in all their diversity, perhaps, can be described in a specialized monograph, but not in an article. Therefore, our task is more modest. We have already named the most "untwisted" types of paintings: Khokhloma and Gzhel. However, there are others, all of them are original and there are quite a lot of them. Let's name some: Boretskaya, Gorodets, Mezenskaya, Onega, Permogorskaya, Pizhma, Polhovsko-Maidanskaya, Puchuzhskaya, Rakulskaya, etc. Unable to give a detailed description of all of them in this article, we will describe the only one of them, Polhov-Maydan.

This painting originated in the beginning of the XX century in the Voznesensky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Here in the villages of Polhovsky Maidan and in the village of Voznesenskoe, at the end of the XVIII century there was a latent fishing of monks of the Sarov monastery. The peasants also learned to turn to craft, becoming skilled craftsmen in the manufacture of wooden utensils. Masters also produced, as they said, "tararushki", i.e. items for fun: whistles, mushrooms, nested dolls, Easter eggs, children's toys.

The impetus for the creation of the painting was the purchase by the peasant Pauline Nikitich of the apparatus for burning, and since 1926 the awakened creative beginning of the peasants led them to painting the products with oil paints, and from 1933 they were replaced by aniline paints.

After the creation of the Polhovites took over the Zagorians, Merinovtsi, Semenovtsi, new types of matryoshkas were created (this topic will be discussed later).

Technology of the Polhov-Maidan style of painting

Initially, the surface of the wooden product was polished and primed with a starch paste. Then the outline of the drawing was applied on the ink, after which the painting was made. For this we used colors of four colors: red, yellow, green and blue. Then, a "tip-off" was made, a characteristic artistic stage of the Polhov-Maidan style, which consisted in the outline of the contour of the drawing in black. We add that this type of painting assumes such a technique as the imposition of colors.

This kind of art also uses a special technique for painting without borders.

We mentioned this type of painting not by chance. He flourished in the USSR until the 1990s, inclusive. At the Ascension factory worked half a thousand people. Of these, 40% are artists who perform painting, others - turners. The work was carried out creatively, the creative laboratory was working at the factory. The products were exported to the USA and Europe. Today, the traditions laid down by the factory are developed by entrepreneurs.

Her Majesty the Matryoshka

Not always evolved Russian painting. Her species sometimes arose unexpectedly - not from the "depth of centuries". They were engendered by the illumination of some one creative Russian master. This happened with a matryoshka doll. It is not a primordially Russian invention.

Matryoshka appeared in Russia in the 19th century in Sergiev Posad. The wife of the artist Sergei Malyutin in 1898 brought from Japan the figure of the old Fukurum, in which four more figurines were invested (by the way, according to Japanese legend, the first such figure was made by a Russian monk). Sergey Vasilievich rethought "in Russian" her idea. A brilliant idea arose - to simulate a typical Russian family. Matryona was then popular in Russia. In addition, according to Milyutin, it echoed the Roman name of the mother of the family.

Sergey Vasilyevich made a drawing of a figure with eight attachments. A woman followed her daughter with a black cock, then a son, then again a girl, the eighth figure was a baby. From the wood of their form was carved turner VP Zvezdochkin. The figure was painted by Sergei Vasilyevich.

Manufacture of nesting dolls. Types of painting

World popularity of matryoshka dolls, her recognition of the world dates back to 1900, when she "went out into the world" - to the World Exhibition in Paris.

Could folk art have passed the matryoshka dolls? Already in 1899 all Sergiev Posad produced new charming dolls: girls and women, rosy, in caftans and aprons or in kerchiefs and sarafans, with baskets, pets, birds, flowers. Zagorsky style (as you know, Sergiev Posad was renamed Zagorsk) was characterized by its picturesqueness, attention to small details.

Since 1922, matryoshkas were also produced in the village of Merinov in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Local turner Mayorov AF, buying a Sergievskoy matryoshka, he ground "his". Her daughter painted the figures. Merinovtsy quickly mastered the manufacture of these complex figures. The Merinovskaya matryoshka is emphatically bright, although with less detail than the Zagorska doll.

The third "deposit matryoshkas" was the village of Polhovsky Maydan, famous for its turners, and painting. Polkhov dolls have their own characteristics:

- fleetingly, small strokes painted face;

- the place of outline of a scarf and lines of a sarafan (skirt), from a back on 2/3 of a nested doll is painted scarlet (red) or green color. The color of the scarf contrasts with it. In the forehead of the nesting doll is a rose-dikushi flower. An apron is designated from the neck to the ground. The painting of an apron is grouped "on an oval". In the middle - a branch with a rose, leaves, berries. The composition is complemented with daisies and forget-me-nots.

The most difficult to make is a Matryoshka doll from Vyatka, which local craftsmen enchant with straws.

Conclusion

Russian art painting as a kind of decorative and applied art rests on a deep folk tradition, on people's awareness of what the Motherland is, what a family is. It is connected with the age-old life of our ancestors, therefore painted products carry a charge of warmth, humanity, creative attitude to life. They really adorn the everyday life of a modern person, they are being squeezed out of "depersonalization", elements of decorating living space are being introduced.

Art painting also brings some accents to our life, recalling the continuity, the Motherland, the universal duty of every person - to make life around itself more beautiful.