Topography of the lower limbs of man

In this article, we will consider in more detail the topography of the lower extremities. We learn the structure of regions and fascial lodges, touch gaps, channels and spaces.

The concept of topography

"Topography" is a term that is translated from Greek as "a description of the terrain". Largely thanks to the research and activities of the famous surgeon of the 19th century Nikolai Pirogov, this concept took a different meaning and from the field of geography smoothly migrated to the doctrine of the physique of man. This doctrine soon gained world renown and was called "Topographic Anatomy."

The concept of medical topography is known to every student of the first courses of institutes with a medical profile. This discipline studies not only the location of parts of the human body and internal organs, but their interaction with each other.

Topographic anatomy is aimed at studying the shape and structure of the parts that make up the body, which have undergone a number of changes as a result of various pathologies. Systematizing the scientific data on their bias as a result of not entirely natural conditions, it allows them to be used in surgery and therapy.

The difference between the concepts of topographic anatomy and anatomy

That is, between the concepts of topography (topographic anatomy) and simple anatomy, there is a fairly significant difference. First of all, according to the principle of approach in describing the structure of a person. Topography involves the study of the relative location of organs in the context of the regions to which they relate. Anatomy, however, involves the study of systems in which organs are concluded: breathing or circulatory systems, for example.

Another major difference from anatomy is that topography, among other things, shows interest in studying the various changes in tissues and organs that result from the manifestation of a particular pathology. A vivid example - topography allowed to determine the level of influence of various inflammatory processes on the nature and form of organs.

First of all, topography as a discipline finds wide application in surgical medicine. The knowledge of this section of science studying the fascia and the topography of the muscles of the lower extremities gives the surgeon the opportunity to have an idea of the exact arrangement of human organs and systems without direct visual observation. This knowledge makes it possible to compare organs in their normal and pathological states. It is worth agreeing that in carrying out any surgical operations, such knowledge is simply necessary.

Aspects studied by topography

Topography is attributed to applied disciplines, and it is engaged in a detailed study of the structure of each area of the human body; Considers it in a variety of planes. In addition, this science is studying the following aspects:

• Circulation of blood (refers to the topography of the vessels of the lower limb).
• The projection of the organs of the body on the skin and the arrangement of these in relation to the human skeleton.
• Ways of supplying the tissues of the body with nerve cells (topography of the nerves of the lower limbs).
• Outflow of lymph from the tissues of the body, both under normal conditions and in pathological conditions.
• Features of the human body. Including sexual, constitutional.

Surgical topography is conditionally divided into the following anatomical areas:

1. Head.
2. Neck.
3. Torso.
4. Extremities.

Topography of lower and upper extremities

One of the areas of science is the topography of the muscles of the lower extremities. Separately, the topology of the upper and topology of the lower limbs of man are distinguished.

The skeleton of the human's supporting limbs includes pelvic bones and a free part of the limb. It in turn consists of paired femoral, patella, bone of the foot and lower leg. In this case, the lower extremity belt is formed by the pelvic bone and consists of three bones: the sciatic, pubic and iliac. In combination with the coccyx and sacrum, the bone base of the pelvis.

Areas of topography

Conditionally, the topography of the lower limb includes such areas as:

1. The area of the fingers is subdivided into the plantar area and the rear region.
2. Heel area.
3. Foot area: plantar and dorsal.
4. Shin area: This includes the anterior region of the tibia, the posterior, anterior region of the ankle, and the posterior region.
5. Knee: anterior and posterior regions of the knee.
6. Hip: front and back of the thigh.
7. Gluteal region.

Topography of lower extremities

The gluteal region is one of the areas of the lower limb, which is limited from above by the iliac crest, and the lower border is the gluteal groove, medial median and lateral line that connects parts such as the superior iliac bone and the large spit.

Hip area. Allocate the front and back. The areas of the lower limbs, which are confined in front of the proximal groin fold and posterior gluteal groove. Just distally limited by the line of the circle, which is carried over the patella by two fingers. Separate each other by lines along the vertical line: between the lateral nadmishelkom and the large trochanter on the lateral side; Between the medial nadmyshelkom and the medial side of the lower branch of the pubic bone.

Femoral triangle - a section of the anterior femoral region, which is bounded from the outside by the edge of the tailor's muscle, inside - by the long adductor muscle, and from above by the inguinal ligament. Here is the topography of the main arteries of the lower extremities.

Areas of the knee, shin, foot, heel

The area of the knee. Allocate the anterior and posterior regions of the lower limb, which are proximally bounded by a circular line. It is carried out above the nail base on 2 fingers. The distal-circular line limits the region to the level of tuberosity of the tibia. The anterior and posterior regions of the knee are divided among themselves by vertical lines running along the posterior edge of the condyles of the thigh.

Areas of the lower leg. The anterior and posterior are proximally confined around the tuberoscopic level of the tibia with a distal-circular line that passes at the base of the ankles. Medially separated along the edge of the tibia (internal) and along the furrow, which separates the soleus and fibular muscles - laterally.

What else is included in the topography of the lower extremities?

Ankle joint is an area that is bounded by a circular line at the level of the ankles - proximally; On the level of the apex of the ankles - distally. Conditionally this area is divided into the following departments: lateral and medial; Back and front.

The area of the foot, which includes the rear and plantar areas. The area bounded by the line along the level of the apex of the ankles of the small and large tibia is proximal, and distally by the bases of the fingers. Separated from each other by a line from the middle of the calcaneus to the middle of the head of the metatarsal bone - along the lateral margin, and the line connecting the middle of the calcaneus and along the medial margin of the middle of the metatarsal head.

Heel area. An area that is separated by a vertical staggered line from the upper border of the feet.

Fascial bed of lower limb

Includes:

1. The region of the thigh is conventionally divided into the posterior, anterior and medial fascial bed.
2. Shin area: anterior, posterior and lateral bed.
3. The area of the foot: the median, deep, medial and lateral bed.

Fascia and topography of lower extremities

The anterior fascial lodgment of the thigh is considered a bed of bone-fibrous nature. It is located on the front of the thigh and is confined to the wide fascia of the thigh in front; The medial and lateral intermuscular septums separate it on the sides; Periosteum of femur - from behind. Includes the quadriceps muscle.

The medial fascial lodgment of the thigh will be a bed, which is medially limited by the wide fascia of the thigh, from the rear side - by the posterior intermuscular septum, in front of it the medial muscular septum. Includes a group of muscles of the lower limb. Topography functions are unique.

The posterior thigh bed is the bed of the posterior region of the thigh bone-fibrous. Behind is limited by a wide fascia of the thigh, on the sides and in front of it the posterior muscular partitions and lateral, periosteum of the posterior surface of the femur are separated. Includes a group of hind muscles.

The anterior bed of the tibia has a bone-fibrous character. The front is limited by the fascia fascia, the periosteum of the tibia medially and the anterior intermuscular septum lateral. The posterior side is limited by the periosteum of the tibia and the interosseous membrane. The anterior fascial lobe of the lower leg contains the anterior tibial veins and arteries, the peroneal nerve, the leg muscles, which refer to the topography of the arteries of the lower limb.

The lateral fascial bed is called the bed, which has an osteo-fibrous character. Medially limited by the fascia fascia, the periosteum of the tibia restrict laterally, in front and behind - respectively, the anterior and posterior intermuscular septums. Includes the peroneal muscles (short and long), as well as the nerve (superficial peroneal).

The posterior bed of the tibia-the fascia of the shin restricts the posterior fascial thighlet bed from the sides and from behind; Interosseous membrane, periosteum of tibia bones, posterior muscular septum of shin - in front. Includes the tibial nerve, the posterior tibial veins and arteries, the fibular artery, as well as the posterior muscle group of the lower leg. This is the topography of the veins of the lower extremities.

The bed of the sole

The medial fascial lodgment of the sole is the bed, which is separated from the middle by the medial muscular septum. It is characterized by a short flexor of the finger, which regulates the tendon of the long flexor.

The medial fascial lobe of the soles is called the bed, which is located in the interval between the plantar interosseous fascia and the plantar aponeurosis. Includes the tendon of the long flexor, the muscle of the sole (square).

The lateral fascial lodgment of the sole will be a bed, which is bounded from the middle by the lateral muscular septum and contains the flexor and opposing the muscle of the fifth finger, as well as the abductor muscle. Next, what else relates to the topography of the muscles of the lower limb?

The deep fascial bed of the sole - from the middle lobe is limited to the lateral muscular septum. In the deep fascial bed of the sole contains the deflecting and opposing muscle of the fifth finger, as well as the flexor.

Deep fascial bed of the sole - contains interosseous muscles, and is located under a deep fascia.

Channels, cracks and cell spaces

Consider the areas of the lower extremities and the cellular spaces, channels and cracks contained in them:

1. The gluteal region includes subannual and interannual spaces.
2. The anterior region of the thigh is conventionally divided into a superficial muscle-fascial, deep intermuscular and circumcision space. In the circumcision space are located: vascular and muscle gaps; Blocking, femoral and adductor channels.
3. Popliteal fossa.
4. Channels: the knee-popliteal, muscular-peroneal, ankle.
5. The cell space is the rear subfascial space.
6. The cells of the sole are superficial and deep.

Conclusion

Before the topographic anatomy or, more simply, the topography of the lower limbs is a number of important tasks. Among them is, first of all, an accurate description of the location of human organs. Moreover, as noted earlier, topography describes organs not only in their natural and normal state, but also in the state of pathology or in the state after the transferred pathology. The results of studies of topography and topographic anatomy are the basis of knowledge for a wide and active application in the field of diagnosis of diseases, but most importantly in the field of surgery.