The technical device is ... Definition, types and classification

A technical device is a product, mechanism, technical complex, unit, etc., created by man in an artificial way for the implementation of any type of activity. The development of equipment and technologies makes it possible to work in the field of high-tech and intellectual production, gives impetus to the further development of science and technology, reveals the horizons of opportunities.

Main types of devices

The technical device is a means for quickly and effectively achieving the goals of production, humanitarian, medical, domestic and other processes. To date , technology is used everywhere, it is almost impossible to find a sphere of human activity where devices that simplify all processes are not used. Technical devices do not have a universal classification and are divided into the main types in the field of application:

• Industrial.
• Household.
• Computational.
• Construction and installation.
• Road.
• Medical, etc.

Each technical device is a whole range of possibilities for the related field of activity. For example, instruments and means of measurement are used both in the industrial sector and in everyday life. A separate class is made up of devices designed for combat operations, defense, and space.

History

Following the theory of Darwin, the abstract monkey, who took up the stick, evolved to the state of man. Today this theory, although classical, but controversial. In this story, it is interesting that the stick was the first technical device by which goals were achieved. Appeared primitive man for effective hunting and defense used the invented means - boomerangs, spears, stone axes, awls, etc.

In place of the simplest devices made of stone and wood came bronze and iron products. Evolution complicated the human intellect, and began to appear the first means of transportation, agricultural technology, hydraulic structures and the simplest mechanisms - the wheel, the block, the lever, etc.

Technical Breakthrough

The first industrial revolution occurred in the 18th century and brought machines, devices, mechanisms, the development of which we see now. The invention of the steam engine made it possible to put mass production on stream and led to the decline of the artisanal way of manufacturing, essentially changing the social structure of society. The internal combustion engine, created in the 19th century, led to the creation and constant improvement of all modes of transport. There was a huge number of self-propelled mechanisms, mastering space.

New machines were created that significantly simplified the laying of roads, construction and mining works and so on. The appearance and use of electricity gave impetus to new types of technical devices - this is not only lighting, but also radio engineering, radio electronics, the dream of space exploration has ceased to be unreal. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the introduction of automation of production processes, the first computer technology appeared, the first artificial satellite was launched into space.

According to experts, the next round of development of technical devices is associated with nanotechnology and biotechnology, promising research and first achievements in these areas were designated at the end of the 20th century.

Indicators

The technical device is a set of qualities, characteristics that fit into the list of properties common to all types of equipment:

• Performance. Any device per unit of time produces products (processes information), transports, manufactures, etc. The higher the value without compromising quality, the more effective the device.
• Reliability. It is determined by the ability to function in a qualitative and reliable manner during the entire operational period.
• Durability. Includes two concepts - physical and moral wear. Often the equipment is capable of performing the specified functions, but its economic exploitation is already unprofitable, since it does not meet the safety requirements, energy costs, etc. The appearance of new developments entails a replacement for an innovative technical device. Equipment of the new generation often solves a wider range of tasks.
• Economical. The ratio of material costs of maintenance, ensuring the operation of devices with the number of products produced (transportation, processing, etc.).

The improvement of each indicator is the task of technical progress and is called "modernization." Over the past few decades, environmental safety indicators, ergonomic characteristics, aesthetic components of devices have become relevant. In addition to technical and utilitarian qualities, developers pay attention to ease of use (reduces injuries) and pleasant appearance of devices, some manufacturers focus exclusively on these areas of improvement. Many parameters of the technical means used are regulated by standards at the state level.

Documentation

A technical device is a set of qualities that allow it to be used in any field. Production and operation are determined by the rules and technological requirements described in the documentation that is supplied to each device.

Basic documents included in the package:

• Passport products. It indicates the technical characteristics of the device, expressed in the calculation units of productivity, energy consumption, etc. Often the passport is supplemented by information on the state of equipment, repairs carried out, warranty service period, etc.
• Manual. The document describes the principle of operation, the scope of application, the rules of storage and operation, the ways of utilization and transportation.
• The instruction on installation, start, adjustment, обкатке. The document is compiled for industrial devices with special operating conditions.
• Label. It is placed directly on the product in case the necessary data for operation and start-up contain no more than five points and it makes no sense to make a passport.

Any technical device is a unit of production manufactured by an industrial method. The documentation for it must comply with the standards prescribed in the ESKD, the ECTS or the ESTD.

Hazardous technical devices

Dangerous types of devices are those in the course of which damage to human health (life) can be caused by non-observance of safety precautions or those that are used in a hazardous environment.

Main types:

• Devices and equipment operating under high pressure (above 0.07 MPa) or at high temperature (more than 115 ° C).
• Facilities designed to lift large loads (cranes, manipulators, hanging roads, platforms, escalators, etc.).
• Devices and equipment of gas consumption systems (boilers, gas household plates, etc.).
• Technical devices and equipment for welding operations in hazardous industries.
• Electrical equipment with explosion protection (1,2 groups), mine electrical equipment.
• Devices, equipment, mechanisms of oil and gas industrial complex (drilling rigs, stem lifts, operational equipment, etc.).
• Mining equipment, concentrating equipment for all types of mining and mining of minerals (mining equipment, mining equipment, blasting equipment, geological survey equipment, etc.).
• Equipment for pipelines of main type.
• The equipment of chemical enterprises of all directions (operating in an explosive atmosphere, using vacuum, cryogenic, grinding plants, etc.).
• Equipment and technical equipment of metallurgical enterprises of all types.
• Electric furnace equipment (arc, induction, melting, heating and other furnaces).
• Pipelines and their components, armature of hazardous production.
• Instruments for monitoring the operation of machines and mechanisms, etc.

The special documentation regulates the safety of the use of various kinds of devices, knowledge and observance of the rules guarantee the preservation of life and health for every employee, and often the entire enterprise. No wonder they say that every point of safety is written in blood.

Exploitation

For each type of activity there is and constantly modernized technology. The operation of technical devices is regulated by the rules prescribed in the manual for use. At each enterprise there is a service, the task of which is to monitor the implementation of safety rules and the operation of all machines, mechanisms, devices.

According to international norms, the operation of each mechanism can be checked with the help of measuring instruments. This makes it possible to monitor the operation, troubleshoot, adjust the equipment and stop the operation in the event of breakdowns or accident hazards.

Repair, maintenance and prevention

After the equipment is set up and started up, the time of operation is reached, during this period, the wear and tear of the units, mechanisms, etc. occurs. After a certain period of use in the passport, a technical device is required. Maintenance and repair are within the competence of the service of the enterprise where the equipment operates, or at special points, when it comes to household appliances. Everyone is used to the fact that the car needs periodic maintenance, the same practice exists for any mechanism.

Preventative measures help to extend the life of devices and their effective operation. The basic actions of equipment maintenance have a common algorithm:

• Checking the general condition of the units, devices, functional state of the device visually and using technical measuring means.
• Check the degree of damage, wear and tear on parts of the equipment and replace with new ones if necessary.
• Testing and setting up the device after repair and prevention, starting work.
• If the device is morally, technically obsolete, it is changed to a device with advanced capabilities.
• At the end of the life of the technical device must be dismantled and disposed of in accordance with approved standards.