The structure of crime in Russia

являются предметом изучения множества наук. The concept, the structure of criminality are the subject of study of many sciences. Within each discipline, a specific aspect of the phenomenon is analyzed. The ultimate goal of the study is to develop effective methods of combating crime. This is provided by identifying key areas, clearly articulating goals, developing programs for implementing activities, and improving law enforcement and preventive activities. . For analysis, various sources of information are used, which reflect the state, structure, and dynamics of crime . Let us consider these elements in more detail.

Relevance of the issue

Crime is a complex socio-legal historically changeable phenomenon. It is formed from the totality of acts committed in a certain period of time in a state, region or world. Crime involves various elements. Some of them reflect the quantitative characteristics of the phenomenon, others - qualitative. . The latter, for example, refers to the indicator of the structure of crime . As was said above, the study of this phenomenon is carried out within the framework of different sciences. For example, criminal law qualifies certain acts, the CCP defines the procedure and procedure for an investigation. Forensics examines the methods of gathering evidence, disclosing a crime. Psychiatry and forensic science are studying the reaction and influence of the subject's state on the crime. Sociology makes it possible to determine the place and role of the phenomenon and its components in public life. Legal statistics provide for the recording of violations and measures to eliminate them. The study of the phenomenon is multifaceted.

Information sources

– важнейшие категории в анализе. The level, structure, dynamics of crime are the most important categories in the analysis. For effective research, it is necessary to select the sources correctly, in which the actual parameters are present. Information for analysis can be obtained:

1. From statistical reports.
2. Primary accounting cards.
3. Socio-demographic, economic and other statistics.
4. Summary materials of criminal cases and statements about crimes.
5. Results of social and psychological research.
6. Data of interviews of convicts.
7. Results of observations and experiments.

Statistical reports

находится в сфере внимания правоохранительных органов. The structure of crime in Russia is in the sphere of law enforcement agencies' attention. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Prosecutor's Office and other institutions compile statistical reports on registered acts, the persons who committed them. Similar activities are carried out by courts and judicial authorities. Their statistical reports contain information on the composition of convicts, the number of subjects brought to justice, and penalties.

Accounting cards

These documents reflect information about a specific crime and the citizen who committed it. The accounting card provides more information than a statistical report. The latter is formed on the basis of primary data. However, in the statistical report there is about 30% of the information indicated in the card.

Synthesis materials

Criminal cases, documents, applications can be investigated selectively or in continuous order. The latter is relevant in the case when the number of crimes is small. A selective study involves setting the number of cases, determining the sample size. In any case, the analysis of materials should ensure representativeness. This requires a quota sample. At the expense of it the shares of concrete acts in the general structure of criminality are revealed.

Other sources: characteristic

анализируются по ведомственным и государственным статистическим материалам. The level, structure of criminality is analyzed by departmental and state statistical materials. They, in particular, contain information about drug addicts, alcoholics, people who do not have a permanent place of residence. In such reports, information on various offenses is collected. Indicators of socio-demographic, economic statistics are used in calculating crime rates.

Existing difficulties

в статистических отчетах, учетных документах отражены неполно. Despite the rather impressive volume of sources, the structure and dynamics of crime in statistical reports and accounting documents are not fully reflected. They are compiled on the basis of registration data on specific parties to the deeds. In particular, they take into account the facts of criminal activity, the persons carrying it out, the victims and the amount of damage. Analysis of information and statistical data is extremely inadequate to determine the causes of the development of the phenomenon, to develop sound measures to combat it. This is due to the fact that statistics do not reflect all the criminality. There is also a latent, latent side of it. Statistics show only the number of identified subjects who have transgressed the law, whose fault is proven. Total this number is divided into 2 groups:

1. Subjects exempted from liability in connection with non-rehabilitating circumstances due to sending materials to the KDN and so on.
2. Citizens, cases on whose deeds are sent to court. This category includes both justified and convicted persons, as well as persons whose proceedings for offenses have been terminated or require further investigation.

The state, the structure of crime

As mentioned above, the evaluation of the phenomenon under consideration is carried out on qualitative and quantitative grounds. представляет собой параметр, отражающий долю и соотношение разных типов деяний в совокупном их количестве за конкретный временной промежуток на данной территории. The structure of criminality is a parameter that reflects the proportion and ratio of different types of acts in their aggregate number for a specific time interval in a given territory. This quantity is a quantitative sign. The main element of the analysis is the type of crime. The structure is determined by the comparison of different groups of acts, differentiated by criminological or legal criteria. As such signs, for example, are:

1. Motivational and social orientation.
2. Socio-group composition.
3. Nature and degree of danger.
4. Sustainability of criminal activity.

In accordance with these criteria, groups of acts are distinguished:

1. Economic.
2. Political.
3. Organized.
4. Ecological.
5. Violent.
6. Selfish.
7. Performed by officials.
8. Corruption.
9. Committed by the military.
10. Careless.
11. Committed by women.
12. Deliberate.
13. Performed by persons under 18 years.

Key parameters

определяется по качественно-количественной характеристике общественной опасности, особенностей, имеющих значение в процессе организации профилактических мероприятий и дифференциации практики использования уголовно-правовых средств и мер. The structure of criminality is determined by qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the public danger, features that are important in the process of organizing preventive activities and differentiation of the practice of using criminal legal means and measures. Key parameters include:

1. Ratio of acts by their severity.
2. Comparison of encroachments on the classification, given in a special part of the criminal law.
3. Shares of the most common violations.
4. Ratio of groups of crimes by the prevailing motivational orientation. In this sense, the reckless, mercenary and others are singled out.
5. деяний, совершенных лицами до 18 лет. The share in the structure of the crimes committed by persons under 18 years of age.
6. The share of group encroachment. . Within this category, the structure of organized crime is considered .
7. Street encroachments.
8. Transnational actions.
9. The price of crime.
10. The share of the acts caused by illegal circulation of weapons.
11. Relative density of relapses.
12. A share of the acts connected with illegal circulation of drugs.
13. Geography of crime. In particular, the distribution of acts by region, as well as types of administrative-territorial units, is investigated.

Analysis

будет изучена настолько глубоко, насколько точно будут определены основания исследования. The structure of criminality will be studied as deeply as the research grounds are determined. Let's consider an example. Suppose, the structure of juvenile delinquency is analyzed. If all the acts of persons under the age of 18 take for 100%, then identify their share in accordance with the territorial prevalence, then you can establish the specific regions in which they are most prevalent. Similarly, the structure of juvenile delinquency in a particular territory is analyzed. Taking actions for 100%, identify social and age groups that have the maximum criminality and, accordingly, commit a greater number of encroachments. To determine the share of a particular kind, kind or variety of crime, you need to use the following equation:

C = u: V x 100%, in which

• C - the proportion of deeds;
• U - the value of a particular kind, type, variety of encroachments on the territory for a specific period;
• V - the volume of all illegal actions in a given locality for the same time.

The nature of the phenomenon

It reflects the share of the most dangerous deeds. This indicator also characterizes persons who commit crimes. On this basis, the degree of danger is determined in accordance with the proportion of encroachments of the category "grave" and "particularly serious." The specific gravity is calculated by the equation:

D = u: V x 100%, in which

• D - the proportion of serious infringements;
• U - the volume of such acts;
• V - the value reflecting the total number of serious crimes.

Geography

An important value is the territorial distribution of crime in different regions. The geography of encroachments is a spatio-temporal parameter. It is connected with the specifics of certain regions of the world, a particular country, its administrative units, the size of the population, its structure and its resettlement on the terrain. The geographical distribution is also influenced by the form of organization of the vital activity of citizens, the conditions of their work and life, culture and recreation, national and historical traditions.

For example, if we analyze statistics on the smallest and largest growth rates of registered (registered) incidents in a number of regions of Russia, then it will clearly be seen that Mari El has been leading for a few years in terms of the maximum intensity of crime. In contrast to it, according to the accounting authorities, the situation in Karachaevo-Cherkessia is more prosperous. A special place in the territorial distribution is occupied by the structure and dynamics of crime. The geography of different groups of encroachments on their share in the total amount of unlawful acts or on the rate of their increase / decrease makes it possible to establish significant shifts in the criminological plan, as well as their causes.

Evaluation of temporary changes

Crime dynamics is a parameter that reflects shifts in the structure of crime during a given period. This can be a period of one, three years, five, ten years, and so on. , находится под влиянием факторов, объединенных в две группы. The temporary changes to which the structure of criminality is subjected is influenced by factors grouped in two groups. The first form the conditions and reasons for committing encroachments, the demographic composition of the population and other social phenomena and processes. In the second group there are changes in the criminal legislation, through which the scope of the unlawful and punishable expands or narrows, the qualification and classification of encroachments is adjusted.

Statistical picture

In the analysis, the differentiation of legal and social factors is of particular importance. This separation is necessary to obtain a realistic assessment of the current changes in the dynamics of crime and forecast. The growth or decrease in crime is due to various circumstances. The dynamics is also affected by social changes in the structure and level of crime, and legal adjustments in the legislative characteristics of encroachments. The statistical picture is also related to the effectiveness of measures aimed at the timely detection and recording of acts, their disclosure and identification of perpetrators, ensuring the inevitability of punishment.

Rates of growth

They are calculated in accordance with the basic parameters of the dynamics. The information for several years is compared with the constant value. In its quality is the amount of crime in the initial period. This technique makes it possible to ensure comparability of relative parameters - percent, reflecting the relationship between the situation of the subsequent time intervals with the previous ones. For 100% the indicators of the initial year are taken. All subsequent periods show only a percentage increase. The use of relative data excludes the issue of the relationship between the rate of increase or decrease with the population that has reached the age at which criminal punishment is allowed. The increase in crime is expressed as a percentage and has a "+" sign, a decrease of "-".

Intensity

This characteristic is expressed in the number of committed encroachments and their participants relative to a certain population size (by 10 or 100 thousand citizens, for example). Intensity shows the level of crime and criminal activity of subjects. During the analysis, a number of nuances should be considered. First of all, one must take into account that the account of the total population can not be considered absolutely correct. This is due to the fact that in this case the cumulative level of crime will be leveled at the expense of citizens who have not reached the age at which they can be punished, as well as those over 60. The latter, as practice shows, do not differ in particular criminogenic activity. Accordingly, these categories of citizens should be excluded from the calculation. The coefficient, determined from the population, is considered not only more objective, but comparable. It allows you to compare crime in different states, regions, settlements. This coefficient is an objective parameter. It contributes to a more impartial assessment of the dynamics of the level determined by the number of citizens.

Structure of organized crime

Group assaults are classified as complex and multilevel actions. A. I. Dolgova proposed to distinguish three different levels of such crime:

1. Lower. At this level, although the act is carried out by an organized association of persons, but with all cohesion, it lacks a complex structure. In the group there is no clear distribution of the functions of managers and performers.
2. The second level is characterized by the hierarchical construction of a number of groups, in some cases their conglomerate is formed. A distinctive feature of such an association is that it actively invades public institutions and uses them for criminal purposes.
3. At the third level, a criminal environment is created. Group leaders are grouped into communities. At this stage, the separation of guiding functions from traditional and direct complicity in the commission of a particular deed ends. Leaders in such a situation usually do not participate in crimes. They develop a common line of conduct, strategy and provide mutual support.

Elements of the structure can be represented in the form of a combination of its links: organizational-managerial, auxiliary and executive.

Prerequisites for increased crime

Over the past few years, the structure of violent crime attracts special attention of law enforcement bodies. Some experts are of the opinion that the origins of such encroachments lie primarily in the inequality of the position of certain individuals and their groups in the social system. This, in the opinion of experts, generates extremism, acts of violence. The growth of such encroachments is determined by:

1. Significant deterioration of the situation in society.
2. Interrupted for some reason by social mobility.

The deterioration of the situation in society leads to a gap between desires and real opportunities, to an increase in the negative in the masses. This, in turn, forms the ground for the growth of the number of criminogenic conflicts, which are resolved by violent means.

Conclusion

The public danger for many citizens is one of the most significant threats. Under the influence of fear, many experience weakness and disbelief in their strength. Panic demoralizes a person, makes him incapable of resisting problems. The criminal situation that exists today is still tense. In many respects this is due to the fact that the existing contradictions in society influence the level of crime.

There is a fairly well-established opinion in the literature that negative conditions in the society are the negative prerequisites with which the growth of crime is connected. Opponents of this statement, in turn, argue that external factors can not independently generate crime. Accordingly, social conditions are not its causes. External factors can only contribute to the commission of acts. Such a conclusion seems to be preferable to a particular encroachment.

In fact, a crime is not committed without the will of the person. In addition, in the same social conditions, not every subject chooses a criminal future for himself. Falling into a criminal environment are mainly those who have certain defects of legal consciousness. They, in turn, are caused by the shortcomings of early education. In this connection it is reasonable to consider that the causes of criminal behavior are formed not simultaneously and not under the influence of a group of circumstances, but a whole complex of factors and for a relatively long period.