The essence of politics

Policies are activities related to the process of organizing and mobilizing resources to achieve collective goals. The very concept has been applied since ancient times. Thus, the treatise of Aristotle was called "Politics." The word itself came from the ancient Greek "polis" - city-state, community. Thus, the essence of politics, according to Aristotle, had a close connection with the life of society and the state.

A somewhat different definition was given by J. Blondel. The essence of politics, in the opinion of the French political scientist, was, mainly, the activity by which decisions are reached, which are subsequently carried out in the conditions of society and for its good.

For a long period of time, the submissions about the above activities were purely normative. In accordance with this, the essence of politics was the "struggle for a just order", representing a method of achieving good for the whole society.

In science, the interpretation of the definition depends on the theoretical position of the student.

Politics in the structural and functional sense is an obligatory component of the organization of each collective. At the same time, activities are directly related to goal-setting (setting goals / objectives), coercion and preservation of integrity in the community in front of the danger of global threats.

D. Easton (American political scientist) defined the essence of politics as a volitional value distribution. In other words, certain social phenomena were necessarily endowed with meaning. The subsequent clarification of the specifics was connected with establishing the order of access to resources of social importance.

Adherents of the conflict approach defined politics as conflict class interaction (according to Marx) and interaction between interested groups (according to the concepts of Truman, Bentley and other figures).

A number of specialists believe that this public activity is aimed at compulsory settlement of conflicts occurring in the society. At the same time, values are the instrument of regulation. According to this concept, there is a shift in emphasis from directly conflict to a peaceful settlement. According to American political scientist Held, the implementation of the policy takes place in the struggle and cooperation of the groups on production, use, and distribution of resources.

According to the proponents of the theory of rational choice, analysis should be conducted in the categories of social exchange. In this case, the basic category for research is a particular goal and individual interest. The activity considered as a system of social interaction of individuals seeking collective achievement of goals is formed on the condition that it is impossible to achieve them individually.

The essence of pricing policy

Cost is the most important economic indicator. The enterprise has to reckon with the price and (if possible) influence it. The cost (in the conditions of a competitive market) is formed, mainly, under the influence of factors that objectively form independently of the enterprise.

The essence of tax policy

This activity is a combination of activities in the field of fees and payments. The starting point in the implementation of the tax policy are the provisions in the tax law. Manifestations of this set of measures are benefits, rates, facilities.

The tax policy is considered an obligatory part of the financial policy. The goals and content of this activity are determined by the socio-economic structure in society, as well as by groups that have public power.