Sewing industry as a branch of light industry. Technologies, equipment and raw materials for the garment industry

The development of the garment industry today is under the strong influence of new technologies. At the same time, in the harsh conditions of a market economy, only those players who offer not only qualitative but also original products in aesthetic and design terms are able to maintain demand for their products. There are niches in which typical methods of manufacturing textile products are used, more often used in domestic needs. Regardless of the direction of the factory, the garment industry requires the participants of this market segment to regularly update the production infrastructure. Today this is not just a question of switching to automatic lines, but a task of comprehensive modernization of the technical infrastructure.

Technologies of the garment industry

Technological processes of garment production can be divided into three categories: cutting, manufacturing and control. The first includes technologies for forming a nesting chart, calculating the material, preparing raw materials and flooring, drawing up a scheme for locating patterns, etc. Depending on the specific tasks of the garment industry the specific enterprise decides, employees use one or another method. For example, directly cutting material is carried out manually or mechanically, by cutting or cutting.

Technologies for the manufacture of garments also represent an extensive group of techniques. Among them we can distinguish directly tailoring, threading, stitching, pritachivanie, tune seams and quilting. Each operation is also realized in several ways, the choice of which depends on the working conditions of the factory.

With regard to technology to ensure product control, then in factories, a kind of audit of materials on qualitative and quantitative characteristics is usually performed, after which a sorting is carried out and a product passport is drawn up. Modern sewing industry actively introduces control stages with the use of automated equipment or special measuring instruments, which allow to accurately assess the characteristics of products.

Equipment for manufacturing of sewing products

A significant breakthrough in technical modernization in the garment industry occurred about 20 years ago, when engineers and technologists could achieve a dramatic increase in the speed of machines. At the moment, the existing rates of sewing are considered optimal. The operation in several modes is now realized by units with thyristor control and AC drives. In this case, the technological process can be performed in a separate order or as one of a group of tasks that the universal installation solves.

For example, there are special units for laying finishing stitches along the edges of the obtach materials. Such cuffs can include cuffs, valves, collars of shirts, and so on.

It is important to emphasize that the technology of the garment industry in the form of the same stitching or cutting is realized with different parameters. That is, even if the machine is oriented to perform one function, the operator can specify the characteristics of the operation in different formats.

For example, said thyristor control implies the possibility of changing the stitch length and the direction of the ruler running along the edge. The most advanced mechanisms also provide for the ability of machines to perform automatic correction of the working process, depending on the parameters of the sensors. Of course, the sewing industry does not do without auxiliary equipment. In this group, you can include the support, fixation and transportation units that implement an indirect additional function in the production process. Usually these are semi-automatic machines controlled by the operators themselves.

The concept of bundled equipment kits

Practice shows that effective optimization of production is possible only if the operation is not uncoordinated, but combined into one complex of equipment. The designers of sewing machines have long been working in this direction, offering multifunctional plants. Such models perform several operations simultaneously, at the output, providing the product with a certain degree of readiness. It can not be said that a comprehensive method allows you to cover a full list of technological activities and also you can not say that the units are combined into one machine. Nevertheless, this concept is conditional and only demonstrates the principle of the approach, in which a tight interface of technical equipment is achieved, which maximally optimizes the technique of manufacturing products.

In particular, the modern garment industry operates machines that allow lancing the armhole on the back and on the shelf, padding of sleeve pellets, hooking the sleeves and other related operations in a single complex of several machines.

But it is important to take into account another aspect. Although integrated production lines undoubtedly provide high efficiency with minimal labor costs, they can not always compete with the traditional disparate approach of performing technical sewing actions in quality parameters.

Process control

Traditional methods of control and management are reduced primarily to methods of technical organization of individual sections of the production shop. Physically, operations can be controlled in three ways: manual, semi-automatic and automatic. In some models of equipment, there are three modes at once, but this is rare - more often there are two formats, one of which is automatic.

Using the user interface, the operator specifies the program by which this or that operation with certain parameters is implemented. In particular, the modern garment factory can perform the layout of the patterns automatically in accordance with the scheme that was embedded in the computer. The same schemes and commands are usually set using the menu. Mechanized management methods also do not leave the industry definitively, because in some cases they are more efficient and economical. This applies to small businesses and individual lines, in which the use of automated production is economically unjustified.

Computer technologies as a means of control

Controllers and microprocessors are actively being introduced in the garment industry. These are small devices that are responsible for controlling various technological processes. For example, one microprocessor can manage dozens of operations simultaneously.

Of course, physically the actions are carried out by means of mechanized hydraulic and electromechanical assemblies and assemblies, on which commands from the controller are applied. The initial link for generating those or other solutions are sensors and detectors. This can be, for example, a device for controlling the remaining length of the thread. As it ends, the processor receives an appropriate signal, after which the controller gives the command to automatically bookmark the new coil. A vivid illustration of such approaches is the mechanism of thread trimming. With this equipment, the sewing factory without the operator's intervention can automatically reduce the length of the cut ends of the threads so that they correspond to the thickness of the eye of the needle. Most often, edging moving mechanisms are used in zigzag stitch machines.

The complexity of the operation of computerized production is that the operator or a group of maintenance personnel must thoroughly study the programs and modes of operation of the controller, otherwise the slightest error in the parameters to be set will lead to a marriage on a large scale if it concerns serial production.

Used in the production of raw materials

Sewing production requires the use of a wide range of materials, including fittings. The raw material base is mainly formed by textile materials. These include polyester, woolen, semi-woolen, cotton and viscose fabrics. For some clothing models, a group of duplicating materials is also required, which includes doublerin, fleece and various linings in the form of twill, polyester and viscose. Also, fur of natural and artificial origin is in demand. You can say that this is a premium raw material for the garment industry, which ultimately affects the price tags of products.

As for the fittings and finishing materials, they include sewing cotton threads, reinforcing fibers, buttons, rivets and various hardware. It is important to note that the fittings differ in a variety of characteristics, even if the same elements functionally correspond to each other. Through the form, color and texture, manufacturers convey the design shades of a particular detail.

Let out products

The assortment of clothes is huge, thus it is not necessary to forget that garment factories are engaged not only in the production of such things, but also produce technical products using the same textiles. Anyway, the basis of the assortment of any garment factory is clothing, which is presented in different groups and subgroups. In particular, it can be coats, hats, pants, sarafans, swimsuits, etc.

To differentiate and classify products, different characteristics apply. In particular, products are distinguished by material, form, seasonality, purpose and other parameters. Accordingly, it is possible to classify and branches of the garment industry, which specialize in the production of certain products.

Recently, narrowly specialized factories are also being distributed, which cover a particular segment and tend to occupy the place of a leader in it. These include companies engaged in the manufacture of extreme clothing, uniforms, things for anglers and travelers, etc.

The main consumers of garments

Most of the products produced are covered by the segment of household needs. Participants in this market are oriented to the needs of ordinary consumers, offering not only clothing, but also carpet materials, home textiles, everyday goods. Again, specialized enterprises of the garment industry often cooperate with law enforcement agencies, medical institutions and representatives of the construction sector. They offer these groups of consumers products in the form of geotextiles, membrane insulators, substrates and other specific materials.

To individual regions, in which sewing factories also represent their products, include furniture manufacture, sports, tourism, and also machine building. In these directions, the garment production of light industry is represented only indirectly, but some products of this segment are produced only with the use of textiles. For example, for tourists, manufacturers offer backpacks, sun beds and tents made of materials of increased strength. Large factories develop unique technologies for the production of raw materials, which undergo multistage processing with the necessary protective properties.

Development of the garment industry in Russia

The future of the industry largely depends on technological innovation, but not only they determine the direction of further development. Increasingly, small and large enterprises are giving logistical optimization. Transportation, storage of raw materials, turnover within production lines - these and other stages require maintenance of high efficiency, otherwise their organization costs unreasonably high cost. Of course, the garment industry in Russia in recent years has advanced in technological support. But, unlike foreign manufacturers, the same automated and robotic lines are more often used on conveyors of large enterprises that manufacture typical products.

The original products, produced in small-scale formats, are still produced in the conditions of traditional mechanized equipment. Computerization, in turn, leaves a mark not only on the controls.

Thanks to special programs, the garment industry in Russia has been able to effectively develop new design solutions within individual production units.

Conclusion

The success of garment factories depends on a wide range of different factors. Among them is the level of technical equipment, and the quality of raw materials used, as well as labor productivity. At the same time, the modern garment industry can not but be guided by the needs of the target audience. Some manufacturers initially choose a specific narrow niche, and other factories cover a wide audience of consumers, adjusting the direction of production depending on the trend. Also, the chosen development approach to a considerable extent determines the methods of planning the enterprise's activities.