New generation hypoglycemic preparations and their classification

People with type 2 diabetes must constantly monitor blood glucose levels. Only with normal indices can one lead a normal life. If blood sugar rises, the doctor can prescribe a special drug to normalize the patient's condition. Most of the drugs in this group are produced in tablets. All drugs (hypoglycemic) are divided into derivatives of sulfonylureas, prandial regulators of glycemia, biguanides, inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases, and insulin sensitizers. In pharmacies can also be found and combined funds.

Sulfonylureas derivatives

Drug treatment began to be prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes in the early 60s of the last century. Today, derivatives of sulfonylureas are very popular. Separate drugs of the first and second generation. The first in modern practice is used quite rarely. Drugs that are hypoglycemic from this group are prescribed for patients with a large body weight if insulin-independent diabetes mellitus is observed. The lack of compensation for carbohydrate metabolism is a direct display for the administration of sulfonylurea derivatives.

Sugar reduction preparations of the new generation, created on the basis of sulfonylureas, can not be used as an independent treatment. Medication only complements the therapy. The main role is played by diet. If the patient will use forbidden foods and at the same time take tablets that lower blood sugar, a good result should not be expected.

Note! Sugar-reducing drugs are not prescribed for patients suffering from insulin-dependent, as well as pancreatic diabetes. Do not use drugs from this group of children, as well as pregnant and lactating women.

"Glipizide"

The drug belongs to the derivatives of sulfonylureas of the second generation. The agent stimulates the release of insulin from the functionally active beta cells of the pancreas, and also controls the amount of glucose in the cells in patients with moderate and severe forms of insulin-independent diabetes. The drug is sold in pharmacies in the form of tablets, each of which contains 0.005 g of active ingredient. The drug "Glipizid" begins to act as soon as 30 minutes after admission, and after 24 hours completely eliminated from the body.

The dosage of the medication is determined by the doctor individually. Any hypoglycemic drugs are prescribed only after a series of tests. The doctor must establish a complete clinical picture. The initial daily dose should not exceed 0.005 g (one tablet). In the most difficult cases, the patient can take 2-3 tablets at a time. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 0.045 g. Tablets are taken 30 minutes before meals. When switching from insulin, the level of glycemia should be controlled for the first few days.

There are practically no adverse events with the use of the drug Glipizide. In rare cases, weakness and dizziness may occur. This trouble is easily eliminated by adjusting the dosage. The most common side effects occur in elderly patients. Sugar-reducing drugs of the new generation are aimed at improving the well-being of diabetic patients. Any unpleasant reactions disappear within a few days after the start of therapy. Contraindication to taking Glipizide is pregnancy, as well as individual intolerance to sulfonamides. Children also do not get medication.

"Glikvidon"

Another hypoglycemic drug, which belongs to the derivatives of sulfonylureas. Like the previous agent, it stimulates the production of insulin in beta cells of the pancreas, and also increases the sensitivity to insulin of peripheral tissues. The agent "Glikvidon" is characterized by a good and lasting effect. Many drugs (hypoglycemic) cause hyperinsulinemia. What can not be said about the medicine "Glikvidon".

The drug is offered in pharmacies in the form of tablets. Assign it to patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as elderly patients who have not had a good result in diet therapy. Dosage is determined on the basis of individual characteristics of a person, as well as his clinical picture. The minimum daily dose is 15 mg, the maximum - 120 mg. Tablets are taken immediately before meals. For mild forms of diabetes, one tablet per day is sufficient. Less often the drug is taken 2-3 times a day.

Side-effects from taking the "Glikvidon" remedy exist, but they all have a reversible character. At the initial stage of treatment, itching and dizziness may occur in patients. Unpleasant symptoms disappear the day after the start of therapy. Abolish the drug only in case of a serious allergic reaction. Individual intolerance is rare. Preparations sugar-reducing from this series are not prescribed for patients with type 1 diabetes. During the treatment period, one must not forget to control the blood sugar level. If the indicators exceed the norm, you should consult a doctor who will change the treatment schedule.

When are drugs prescribed sulfonylurea?

The predkokatoznoe state, as well as diabetic coma is a serious contraindication to the appointment of medications based on sulfonylurea. Do not apply oral hypoglycemic preparations from this series also during pregnancy and lactation, regardless of what result was achieved previously.

A major threat to the body of a person suffering from type 2 diabetes is any surgical intervention. To strengthen the protective forces of the patient, the sulfonylurea derivatives are also temporarily canceled. This principle is followed in infectious diseases. The main emphasis is on treating the disease in the acute stage. As soon as the patient feels well, new hypoglycemic drugs can be prescribed. If there are no contraindications to the use of sulfonylurea derivatives, you can start taking medications from this series.

Prandial regulators of glycemia

A lot of studies of amino acids were carried out, during which their role in the secretion of insulin was proved. It was found that the analogues of benzoic acid and phenylalanine have a hypoglycemic effect. Prandial regulators of glycemia are able to control the secretion of insulin directly after a meal. And in fact at this stage the level of a glycemia sharply raises. New hypoglycemic drugs have a short-term effect. Therefore, they are taken only during or after a meal. Use medicament for prevention is not appropriate.

Despite the fact that the classification of hypoglycemic drugs includes prandial regulators of glycemia, they are not used very often. Medications from this series produce a short-term effect, so they can not be prescribed in a complex of serious therapy for type 2 diabetes.

Novonorm

Oral hypoglycemic drug, which is offered in pharmacies in the form of tablets. The drug is prescribed when diet and exercise do not give the proper result. Patients with type 2 diabetes most often take Novanorm in conjunction with other hypoglycemic agents. Thus, patients are able to more closely monitor the level of glycemia.

Tablets "Novanorm" it is expedient to apply in a complex with dietotherapy. The drug is taken orally three times a day before meals. In rare cases, the dosage can be increased. Patients who are prone to snacking or skipping meals should consult with a doctor about the correctness of taking Novonorm tablets.

As already mentioned, hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes are not always prescribed. Some manage to control the blood glucose level only with the help of a diet. Tablets "Novanorm" can be used when temporarily lost control of glycemia. Adverse events from taking the drug are rare and are temporary. The patient may feel nausea and pain in the abdomen. Unpleasant sensations quickly pass. Repeat the drug only in case of individual intolerance. Contraindicated pill "Novanorm" to children, women during pregnancy and lactation, patients with severe impairment of liver function.

Biguanides

The classification of hypoglycemic drugs necessarily includes agents belonging to the biguanide group. Medications from this series are not responsible for stimulating insulin secretion. Despite this, biguanides play an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, as they increase the peripheral utilization of glucose by the tissues of the body. The production of this substance with the liver is significantly reduced. Biguanides can significantly reduce blood glucose levels. In some cases, you can generally achieve normal performance. The main contraindication to the use of such drugs is the predkomatoznoe state in patients with diabetes. With caution appoint sugarosnizhayuschie drugs 3 generations of patients with a propensity for alcohol, as well as violations of liver function.

Metformin

Oral hypoglycemic drug belonging to the biguanide group. The drug is offered in pharmacies in the form of tablets. The main active substance stops the absorption of glucose in the intestine, and also greatly enhances the utilization of glucose in peripheral tissues. Hypoglycemic reactions tablets "Metformin" do not cause. The drug is prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes who are not addicted to ketoacidosis. Tablets can also be prescribed in combination with insulin for obese patients.

Depending on the level of glucose in the blood, the doctor individually sets the dosage of the medication. You can start treatment with taking one tablet a day (500 mg). Gradual increase in the dose can be started only after two weeks of continuous treatment. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 6 tablets. Patients older than 70 years should not take more than 2 tablets per day.

Sugar-reducing tablets are contraindicated in people with kidney disorders. If there is a disease that can lead to a decrease in the functionality of the kidney, Metformin tablets are temporarily canceled. They can not be taken during the period of adaptation after surgery. A serious contraindication is acute alcohol poisoning.

Inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases

This is a group of medicines that can block the production of a special enzyme of the intestine (alpha-glucosidase). Due to the preparations in this series, the absorption of basic carbohydrates, such as starch, sucrose and maltose, is significantly reduced. In case of proper intake, modern hypoglycemic preparations of this group have absolutely no side effects. Completely no discomfort in the intestines and abdominal pain.

Inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases should be taken with the first gulp of food. Digesting along with food, the constituent drugs provide a good hypoglycemic effect. Medicines from this series can be taken together with sulfonylureas or insulin. At the same time, the risk of hypoglycemia increases.

Miglitol

Sugar reducing agent, belonging to the group of inhibitors of alpha-glueosidases. It is prescribed to patients with an average degree of diabetes of the second type in the event that adequate physical load and diet does not give the proper result. Tablets "Miglitol" are most effective when used on an empty stomach. In rare cases, other oral hypoglycemic drugs are additionally prescribed. The classification of blood glucose monitoring devices was presented above.

The main components of the preparation "Miglitol" are fully absorbed into the tissues provided they are taken in small doses (1-2 tablets). At a dosage of 50 g, the absorption is 90%. The active substance is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. The sugar-reducing drug is not prescribed for children, as well as pregnant and lactating women. Contraindications are chronic intestinal diseases, as well as large hernias. Side effects during the reception of tablets "Miglitol" are rare. There are cases of the development of an allergic reaction in the form of skin rash and itching.

Combined hypoglycemic drugs

In most cases, the treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with monotherapy. Additional drugs can be prescribed only when the treatment does not give the proper result. The problem is that one medication does not always cover several problems related to diabetes at once. You can replace several drugs of different classes with one combined hypoglycemic agent. Such therapy will be safer. After all, the risk of side effects is significantly reduced. The most effective, according to doctors, are combinations of thiazolidinediones and metformin, as well as sulfonylureas and metformin.

Combined drugs designed to treat type 2 diabetes can stop the progression of hyperinsulinemia. Due to this, patients feel much better, and also have the opportunity to lose some weight. In most cases, the need for switching to insulin therapy is completely eliminated.

One of the most popular combined hypoglycemic drugs is Glibometh. They release the medication in the form of tablets. They are prescribed when the previous therapy does not show a good result. Do not use this drug for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Contraindicated pills also for people with impaired liver function and kidney failure. Children, as well as women during pregnancy and lactation drug is not prescribed.

Glybometh tablets have many side effects. They can cause diarrhea, nausea, dizziness. Rarely develops an allergic reaction in the form of skin itching and rash. Use the drug is recommended strictly according to the doctor's prescription.