Features of labor activity of women and adolescents. Official employment of a teenager. Labor protection of women

Today, the peculiarities of labor activity of women and adolescents occupy an important place in the system of labor organization. And this is completely normal, because in the process of applying female and adolescent efforts to the work, it is necessary to take into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of their organism. How does the Russian state ensure the comfort of their activities? What does the protection of women and adolescents mean? How can you characterize the current situation in this area? These and other questions can be found in the process of reading the article.

Important nuances

As it turned out, the peculiarities of labor activity of women and adolescents first of all correlate with the anatomy and physiology of the organism. What is important for teenagers? The fact is that at the appropriate age, bones of the skeleton and musculature grow at an accelerated rate, especially with respect to the limbs. This means that the adolescent's ligamentous apparatus is characterized by a certain weakness, which entails a fairly rapid muscle fatigue, possible deviations in the development of respiratory organs and the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, often noted inferiority of excitatory processes and inhibition in the central nervous system.

That is why work in adolescence presupposes an exceptional selection through professional efforts, which is based primarily on medical indicators. It is necessary to accurately find out the actual requirements for the performance of labor activity and correlate them with the degree of tension of the various systems of the physiology of the adolescent in the functional plan.

What else is important for teenagers?

Considering the peculiarities of labor activity of women and adolescents, it should be noted that for people aged from 16 to 18 today, as a rule, a reduced work week is established, which includes only 36 hours of relevant activity. In addition, some restrictions have been introduced regarding the use of adolescent efforts in the process of weight transfer. If, for example, work for schoolchildren is still in this, then the weight of the load in no case should be more than 4.1 kg.

Thus, pronounced differences in the sexual plan with respect to the tension of certain functions of physiology, a lower degree of efficiency and, as a result, labor productivity, a sufficiently early development of the fatigue period of the uncompensated orientation, and a significant frequency of deficiencies in the performance of functions of a specific nature, are good reasons for making In a kind of tension and severity of work activity gradations by sex and age. It is important to supplement that such gradations are established in accordance with the impact of the microclimate, chemicals of chemical origin, as well as vibration and noise.

Peculiarities of labor activity of women and adolescents

In addition to adolescents, special attention is paid to women, because the anatomical and physiological features of their body are arranged differently than men. So, in case of unsatisfactory situation in the production aspect, they may develop some diseases of gynecological nature, in addition, the "uncomfortable" workplace has an adverse effect on reproductive functions.

It is important to add that working conditions for women imply significant restrictions on the movement and carrying of goods. As a rule, an optimal mode of work and rest is introduced for them, as well as restrictions on the use of female labor at night. In addition, the most attentive employers try to create an incomplete work schedule for women so that their working conditions are extremely comfortable. The requirements for working conditions for women in terms of the maximum weight of transported and lifted cargo are related to a weight of ten kilograms in the case of alternating this activity with other types of work up to two times within an hour. If it is a question of constant efforts over weights, then the corresponding border is reduced to seven kilograms.

By the way, the peculiarities of women's labor during pregnancy, which is not surprising at all, undergo some changes. The reason for this is an increased vulnerability of the body during the period of bearing of the child. So, pregnant women are transferred to a certain work schedule, which has nothing to do with the impact of harmful or difficult working conditions.

The issue of employment of adolescents

After a detailed examination of the characteristics of the labor of certain social categories, it will be advisable to develop a topic on whether an official employment of a teenager is possible and what is behind it.

No one will argue with the fact that modern teenagers are not the same. They are not developed over the years, so their desire for independent life begins much earlier. Today, schoolchildren are striving to acquire new iPhones. But is it possible to protect children's rights in the event that this provision is not ensured at a legal level? And the law in fact carries out this practice solely through the prohibition of employment until the age of fourteen.

In addition, not every work for schoolchildren is relevant. So, before the age of 14, a teenager is allowed to work in circuses, theaters or film studios in accordance with legislative acts. From the age of fourteen, the child can be employed in an official manner, provided that the work record is completed.

Illegal activities

Today, often, children work illegally (for example, summer work for adolescents). The reason is the rather large expenses of the employer, in case the adolescent was legally established. The fact is that literally at times the obligations increase and, of course, the employer's responsibility to the child in comparison with the adult employee.

Naturally, with illegal employment there is a risk of non-receipt of wages. To minimize this, adolescents often attract adults (for example, parents) at the interview stage directly with the employer. Thus, the children prove to the employer the seriousness of their intentions, and the guardians determine the degree of decency of the employer and between the lines indicate that they will not give their child offense.

Safety of teenagers

In the case of hiring a teenager, an employer must know some of the nuances of a prohibitive nature, according to which:

• It is forbidden to take a teenager for dangerous or harmful work.
• It is not allowed to involve a teenager in underground activities.
• It is strictly forbidden to employ an adolescent if the relevant work is capable of causing some harm with respect to moral development. This includes activities in nightclubs, places of sale of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes, as well as in editions of erotic subjects.
• It is not allowed to impart to the adolescent intellectual, sensory, emotional and monotonous work, which causes neuropsychiatric loads.
• You can not send a teenager on business trips.
• It is forbidden to take a teenager to work by the method of watch.
• It is forbidden to employ a teenager in combination.

Additional Restrictive Measures

In addition to the prohibitions listed above, the following items do not lose relevance today:

• It is forbidden to give a teenager work with weights. So, a young man can lift a load up to four kilograms, and a girl - up to three.
• You can not establish a trial period for a teenager.
• Until the adulthood of adolescence is prohibited to employ his cashier or other positions related to cash. The reason for this is the impossibility of concluding an agreement on absolute liability.
• You can not hire a teenager without a medical examination. As a rule, the employer provides this event at his own expense. If in the personal file of the child there is no medical conclusion about the absence of contraindications to a particular type of activity, the employer faces a fine.

Working overtime is not an option

It is important to supplement that the length of a teenager's working day is somehow normalized, in accordance with which it is strictly forbidden to assign overtime to a child's work. Hence, the teenager in any case should rest on weekends and holidays, as well as at night (from 22:00 to 06:00).

In addition, the work activity of the student should in no case interfere with the process of his education. This provision says that underage people have the right to work solely on the condition of a reduced day. The corresponding item is mandatory in the employment contract. Thus, the duration of daily activities (one shift) should not exceed five hours for children 15 and 16 years of age and seven hours for teenagers from 16 to 18 years. If the child works during the school year for the benefit of the school or technical school (according to the seasonal vacation period), the working day should not exceed two and a half hours for children under 16 and four hours for teenagers from 16 to 18 years.

Related documentation

In case of a decision on employment, the teenager should provide the employer with the following documents:

• The personal passport.
• The workbook (in the case of primary employment, the responsibilities for its registration fall on the employer's shoulders).
• Certificate of pension insurance.
• A certificate that a citizen is subject to military service (applies to young people over seventeen).

In addition to these, a teenager under 15 years of age must provide the employer with the following additional papers:

• The authorization document issued by the guardianship and trusteeship bodies.
• Consent regarding the employment of the child from the parents. This document can be both a consent certified by a notary, and a line specified in the legislation in a contract agreement, confirmed by the signature of one of the parents. In addition, a visa-consent, located directly on the application, about the employment of a teenager, is also suitable.

Protection of women's labor

Today, women's labor protection of the RF TC is correlated directly with the presentation of special requirements with regard to this issue (the reasons for this have been discussed in detail above). Thus, some types of work are limited, and some are even forbidden for women by legislation. A vivid example of this can serve as certain restrictions for the fair sex, subject to heavy activities or hard work with dangerous and often harmful circumstances, which is regulated by Article 253 of the LC RF. Surprisingly, the list approved in Decree of the Government of Russia No. 162 of February 25, 2000 includes 456 posts, the adoption of women for which is strictly prohibited. So, according to the legislation, a woman is forbidden to be:

• The smelter of metals and alloys.
• The Boiler.
• Pneumatic driller, which carries out its activities through the use of special tools that transmit vibrational waves directly to the hands of the worker.
• The stump man.
• Roofer on steel roofs.
• Machinist of the bulldozer.
• Carpenter.
• Valsky the forest plantations.
• An electric locomotive driver or his assistant.
• A painter, who carries out his activity inside containers and applies paints containing lead.
• Fitter plumber.
• The explorer.
• The pipe presser.
• Steelman and so on.

In the case of a woman's employment, according to which some restrictions are established, the employer, in one way or another, undertakes to provide her with medical examination. In the future (already in the process of carrying out labor activity) medical examinations by specialists should be carried out annually. For the formation of proper working conditions for women, it would be advisable to refer to SanPiN 2.2.0.555-96. This document includes a perfect list of requirements for the workplace of a woman, the appropriate working conditions, physical activity, temperature conditions during work, and so on.

For example, sanitary norms determined that during one shift of work, a woman should in no case move more than 1750 kg of cargo on a surface equipped for work (in other words, in this case, the slopes are excluded in order to lift the weight) . If the load must be lifted directly from the floor, its weight should never exceed 875 kg. It is important to supplement that the movement of gravity under constant conditions is allowed only with the weight of the lifted load equal to seven kilograms. If the weights do not rise more than twice within an hour, then it is appropriate to achieve a weight of ten kilograms.

In addition, the women's workplace is subject to this kind of equipment, so that the worker freely had the opportunity to change the pose throughout the whole shift, because for any member of the fair sex the activity in one position (sitting or standing) is undesirable. An important factor is the temperature regime, according to which the corresponding indicator should in no case exceed specific values determined by the necessary criteria. So, the air temperature, which is necessary for a woman to fulfill her duties in a full-fledged manner, depends on the time spent in the workplace, as well as on the intensity of the process itself.