Fascist regimes in the world

Fascist regimes in the 20th century brought many misfortunes and suffering to humanity. It was they who unleashed the largest war in the history of mankind - the Second World War. This concept is applicable only to one country - Italy. The fascist regime in Germany is called "Nazism". However, this does not change the essence. In history, these concepts have become equivalent, they have become synonymous with inhumanity, cruelty, war and terror. Next, we will analyze these two modes in the article. We will also answer the question of what the fascist regime established in Italy was different from German.

The concept of

The term "fascism" of Italian origin. In translation means "bundle", "bundle", "union". This is the political trend that arose in the capitalist countries in the era of the general crisis of the system. Mass unemployment, poverty, hunger - all this led to a different look at the current political system.

Symptoms

Fascist regimes are characterized by the following features:

• Extreme forms of violence to combat dissent.
• Total control over all spheres of public life: culture, art, media, education, upbringing, etc.
• Militaristic nature. The foreign policy of the fascist regime is aimed at enslaving new lands with the aim of their inhuman exploitation.

Ideology

Fascist regimes are marked by a pronounced ideology based on:

• The weapon of demagogy. Fascist speakers appear, as a rule, loudly, without complex terms and concepts. Their speeches are understandable even for uneducated citizens who begin to "understand" the sources of all the problems of the state, believe the leader, follow him into the bright future.
• Leadership. The whole system is united around one leader, without which it does not function.

Fascist regime of Mussolini

The development of the totalitarian regime in Italy is associated with the name of B. Mussolini. For the first time fascist organizations in this country began to appear since March 1919. They were called "Combat Unions" ("Fasci di Combattimento"). Most of their members are participants in the World War. They were people with extremely nationalistic chauvinist views. This organization was headed by the skillful speaker B. Mussolini.

Totalitarianism with democratic slogans

It is noteworthy that many parties and political forces that, having come to power, create authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, use the most liberal, democratic slogans. So it was with the party of B. Mussolini. To enlist the support of the broad masses, the speaker promised a real paradise on Earth:

• Abolition of the Senate, police, privileges and titles.
• Universal suffrage.
• Civil rights and freedoms.
• Progressive scale of taxes, their cancellation for the poor.
• Eight-hour working day.
• Granting of peasants the ground with the property right.
• General disarmament, renunciation of the arms race, war.
• Independence of the media, the judiciary, etc.

Mussolini promised the citizens everything they could only dream about. I would like to recall the slogan of the Communists, "Plants for Workers, Land for Peasants."

The coming to power of the fascists in Italy

The fascist regime in Italy began to form in 1921. It was then that the movement of the "Union" began an open struggle for power. By this time, support among the population was staggering. Propaganda with obviously false posters, open demagogy of promises that no one was going to perform, did their job.

Mussolini did not hide that he would get power at any cost. As he claimed in one of the statements: "Now the question of power becomes a matter of power".

October 28, 1922 armed columns in black shirts made a "march to Rome." King Victor-Emmanuel agreed to make Mussolini prime minister. The government did not dare to fight against fascism. On October 30, a triumphal march through the quarters of the workers of Rome took place. The new regime showed that no one was going to waste time. This procession was accompanied by pogroms and skirmishes with dissatisfied socialists.

"Fulfillment of promises"

The policy of the fascist regimes is always based on demagoguery and promises. We listed above the slogans that the Italian speaker proclaimed before he took office as prime minister. After the appointment, the Duce (the leader) began to "fulfill" his program, and reforms of the fascist regime began:

• Establish strict government control in all spheres of society, including in the economy. A system of corporations was created, which consisted only of people who had been tested by the fascist party.
• Establishment of the cult of the leader (duce). The entire ideology and political system was transformed under the leadership of Mussolini.
• The dictator forgot that he was ever atheist. He signed an agreement with the Vatican, supported him financially. For this, Pope Pius XI recognized Mussolini as "the heaven sent down".
• The state began to actively militarize. The promise to disarm the army was not only not fulfilled, but, on the contrary, it was violated.

The common thing between Italy and Germany was that both regimes were based on the power of the once Roman Empire. Mussolini considered himself a successor to the Caesars. He saw his mission on earth as restoring the borders of a huge Roman Empire. However, he could not seize European lands. Therefore, as the first country chose "Carthage" - the poorest Libya with a primitive feudal armament. All coincided:

• The African country was part of the Roman Empire in ancient times.
• Libya did not have powerful weapons. Here it was possible to train in offensive operations.
• A small victory gave political privileges.

Fortunately, Italian geologists did not find oil in this country, so Hitler had to try hard to find and extract it in Europe. He never reached the rich Baku deposits in Russia. He was stopped at Stalingrad. It is not known how history would turn if geologists in Africa did not miscalculate, since Libya is the richest country in terms of "black gold" reserves.

Nazi (Fascist) regime in Germany: the causes of the origin

In Germany, the movement of the National Socialist movements took place at the same time as in Italy. Their appearance, along with the Soviet republics, had the following prerequisites:

• The Germans did not feel defeated in the First World War. Their military units stood a few kilometers from Paris. If it were not for the abdication of the German emperor, then Germany, most likely, would have been the winner in this war.
• After the defeat, the Allies imposed the Germans on such reparations that for the first time famine, unemployment, poverty, and the economic crisis with hyperinflation appeared in this country. This created a sense of injustice, anger. The Germans believed that they were deceived. They signed the peace, and received the status of colonies of England and France.

The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)

These reasons were used by the former corporal Adolf Hitler, who had a battle iron cross in battles, the highest award of a soldier. He became the founder of the National Socialist Workers Party. Its program of 1920 provided for the struggle against "wrong capitalism":

• The withdrawal of unearned income, i.е. Refusal of usury. This field was exclusively occupied by Jews.
• Nationalization of large strategic enterprises.
• Transfer of department stores to small German merchants.
• Implementation of land reform, prohibition of speculation.

The reasons for the success of the NSDAP

Hitler's party came to power slowly, through political struggle in elections. With each new vote, the National Socialists gained more and more rights until Adolf Hitler was finally recognized as Chancellor. There were several reasons for the success:

• Active political propaganda. The ideas of the Fuhrer, like the Duce, were distinguished by primitiveness, populism, and belief in a bright future.
• Power methods. Specially created paramilitary units of "assault detachments" (CA) in brown uniforms raided political opponents, smashed the printing press, newspaper stalls. Once there was even an attempt of a military coup d'etat, the so-called beer putsch. However, the German authorities, unlike Italy, dared to use weapons to suppress.
• Financial support. Hitler was supported by broad banking circles from the United States. Historians point out that the employees of the NSDAP received wages in dollars, as German brands were greatly depreciated. To work for Hitler was very prestigious, almost all the working population wanted to get to him.

Neofascism is a problem of our time

Unfortunately, the fascist regimes did not teach humanity anything. Permanently the centers of neo-fascism break out in this or that country. In the same Germany, after the Second World War, new neo-fascist organizations appear. In some countries, such forces even seized power. For example, it happened in Greece in 1967, as well as in Chile in 1973.

Today, the problems of fascism and nationalism are most relevant. The massive influx of migrants in Europe, their inhospitable behavior, refusal to adopt laws and regulations of the owners create discontent. This is used by right-wing political forces. One such party is the "Alternative for Germany" party, which is gaining votes in local elections to the Landtag.