Cosmology is ... A section of astronomy that studies the properties and evolution of the universe

Astronomy is a paradoxical science, which humanity created as if to spite itself. It enables us to make new discoveries literally every day with the help of observations and calculations, and they make us realize that we do not know anything about the universe, the stars and even the nearest planets of the solar system. Today there are various sections of astronomy, among which the main are the following: galactic and extragalactic astronomy, star physics, astrophysics, exobiology, astrochemistry and cosmology. A detailed examination of the latter science, we now and will.

Term meaning

In the scientific context, cosmology is the science of a large-scale study of the universe. It is based on the basic theories and formulas of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Mainly within the framework of science, the composition of the universe, its structure, age and evolution from the moment of origin is studied. In a broader sense, cosmology is the ratio of astronomical observations obtained over different epochs, and the theory of relativity that Albert Einstein presented to the world. It was thanks to this physical find that in the beginning of the 20th century cosmology became a separate science, exact, based on formulas and figures. Up to this point, it was considered an ephemeral part of philosophy, and therefore was not taken seriously by the world.

Two schools - one theory

Now cosmology as a science has divided into two branches, as well as scientists who are its representatives. Empiricists in the conduct of their work are based solely on observations of celestial bodies and matter. They do not create different models of other realities under terrestrial conditions, because they are sure that whatever the result, it is far from reality. Theorists, on the contrary, use calculations, the results of various studies. At the heart of their work may lie building a model of a particular section of the cosmos, black hole or other object. It should be borne in mind that cosmology is a science that studies the universe both in practical terms and in the theoretical. In both schools, a general concept was adopted - The Big Bang Theory. In accordance with it, all space and time was born once of very hot and dense matter. In contrast, there is a second, less famous, but not devoid of meaning theory. It says that the Universe is a unit that has no beginning and no end, the moment of origin or the moment of falling.

The data on which science is based

There are six basic principles of building the universe, which are used in cosmology:

• The space is isotropic. This means that all objects in space - like planets and asteroids, and galaxies and black holes - move chaotically, outside of a certain order, and cosmology studies this particular movement. In some places they can accumulate and form areas of distorted space, high pressure and temperature. In others, on the contrary, dissipate, diluting space to a minimum.
• Constant expansion of borders. Most cosmology studies the evolution of the universe, and this process can be said to happen right before our eyes. All space objects, and in particular galaxies are removed from each other. In this case, the more their parameters, the faster the distances increase.
• The space surrounding our planet is also isotropic. This indicates that the Earth, like its orbit, is an ordinary part of the universe, which in structure will not differ much from, say, the zones close to the planet Kepler-36B.
• In accordance with the theory of the Big Bang, the age of the Earth, all asteroids, stars, galaxies and the universe itself is about the same. The origin of matter is lowered in the ages by about 20 billion years, while the oldest stars appeared about 15 billion years ago. Where large figures lead us archeologists, who dig up the skeletons of giant reptiles. In accordance with these data, it turns out that the Earth appeared earlier than all matter in space. In fact, scientists have long underestimated the parameters of the distance between galaxies. More recent calculations suggest that the universe is infinite in terms of space, and in terms of time.
• The secrets of the universe, which is immense, lie in its smallest particles - atoms. As we said above, any area of space will be identical to the previous one in its composition, which the researchers were able to calculate. There are 1 helium atom per 10 hydrogen atoms.
• The fact, which, on the contrary, confirms the correctness of the theory of constant expansion of the universe, is that far from the SS there are more quasars that live more active lives.

Cosmological models of the world

A brief history of the universe is embodied in the famous theory of the Big Bang. She was born thanks to the general theory of relativity of Einstein, which formed the basis for the development of astronomers, who formed a model of expanding matter. This version was confirmed after the scientist Hubble compared the distances between galaxies and the speed with which they move away from each other. The third confirmation was from G. Gamowogo, who discovered relic radiation. This background phenomenon occurs in all corners of the universe and is like an "echo" of the explosion era.

Incredible Burst Temperatures

The code tries to explain to children how space appeared, they say that earlier it was not more than a pea, but the temperature and pressure in it were unthinkable. In reality, the brief history of the universe is not much different from this toy model. The age of our surrounding world equals to 20 billion years. At that time when the universe was just a point, the pressure in it was 10 ⁹⁰ kg / cm ³ . In such conditions, gravity was born. By the way, scientists believe that this term is not something separate or special. Gravity is the distortion of space that arises from the density of matter. This explains the fact that an atmosphere (though minimal) is attached to solid space bodies, and gas objects and stars do not have such a field. So, for centuries, space expanded, forming separate gravitational fields.

Problems of cosmology

Based on the concept of the Big Bang, alternative models of reality were built, which, in principle, are no worse than the basic one. The essence of this conflict lies in the fact that the singularity of space at the time of origin, isotropy in the present is a theory that can be compiled on the basis of the research of the SS. Beyond the orbits of the known planets are entirely different conditions that may not be isotropic. Scientists derived on the basis of this three problems of cosmology, which can not yet be solved, but they provide food for further reflection and research. Below we dwell on them in more detail.

State of singularity

It is precisely such a state, which, as many believe, was inherent in matter at the beginning of the beginning, can only be science fiction. Incredible density, distorted space and time, unthinkable temperatures - all this was calculated in terrestrial conditions on paper, but even in miniature such experiments failed. Therefore, the main problem of cosmology is the rejection of the singularity of the world at the time of its inception. Most likely, the reference point was a different state of matter.

Absence of isotropy

Theorists are sure that all space in space is homogeneous, but practice shows that this is not so. Studies of the depths of the universe prove that in one place there is an incredible cluster of galaxies, in another space is empty. Of course, the density of matter in that and other part of the cosmos can not be the same. Therefore, one can state that the Universe is anisotropic, and its chemical composition is not the same everywhere.

Closed or open space?

Now for researchers, the secrets of the universe lie in its small parts, which must decide the further outcome of the events. The average density of matter is calculated, and if as a result it exceeds the critical mark, the cosmos will shrink, and instead of the explosion, cotton awaits us. If the density is lower than the boundary mark, the universe will expand infinitely, and measuring its space, volume and time will be simply unreal.

Another model of the birth and development of the universe

Scientific cosmology is a field of knowledge, within which literally every day new discoveries are made, theories are generated, each of which is believable and realistic. In addition to the known concept of the Explosion, there exists the so-called theory of asymmetry or interaction of matter and antimatter. It is believed that the relic radiation in space was born always and continues to appear due to the interaction of matter and antimatter. The same two substances are far from equal positions in space. From matter is everything that we know. Antimatter for humans exists only in calculations. It is believed that in the first ten seconds of the existence of the world, a symmetry breakdown occurred, during which the antiparticles remained in the minority, in comparison with the particles, and the reasons for that are unknown.

Afterword

Cosmology is a field of knowledge that studies the universe as a whole. This is a theoretical science that can logically explain the various phenomena in space, justify the various movements of galaxies and stars.