Communicative failure: the concept, types, causes

Recently, the society has been marked by sharp changes in the communication and, therefore, the language situation. This is due to various circumstances. In particular, the changes are related to the democratization of the life of society, the intensification of social activity of various strata of the population. The importance of a culture of communication, etiquette forms has grown. Today in large settlements there are educational institutions in which everyone can learn the rules of interaction with others. All this suggests that in the current socio-economic situation, the need to improve communicative competence, to study the norms of speech etiquette, the foundations of a culture of communication with surrounding people is brought to the forefront.

Relevance of the issue

At present, the level of speech culture acts as a business card in business, professional communication. They determine the success of the relationship. Accordingly, speech culture has become one of the integral elements of a career. The level of business communication influences the efficiency of the enterprise. The key importance in cooperation is the observance of etiquette in written, oral speech, literacy of conducting business talks, negotiations and so on. Over the past few years, the issues of the administrative and service culture of communication have been actively discussed.

Etiquette

The society creates for its members certain norms and rules of speech behavior. They are used in specific situations. A set of rules that relate to the external expression of a relation to others is called etiquette. Its requirements are not considered unconditional. Compliance with the rules depends on the circumstances, time, place of interaction. In addition, in the course of changing conditions of human life, raising the level of education, culture, norms of etiquette are being transformed. Accordingly, everything that was previously considered indecent becomes a norm, and vice versa.

Specificity of interactions

In the course of cognitive, labor and other activities, people enter into certain relations. Within their framework, they communicate with each other. Thus, communication is established. Specificity of interactions is the use of language. The effective operation of the enterprise, and also to some extent its appearance, depends on how competent the speech of its head and employees is.

Culture of interactions

It is closely related to the level of formation of individual communication skills and abilities among people. It is worth saying that the concept of culture itself is rather multifaceted. In a broad sense, it is a set of norms, forms, ways of interaction of people accepted in a specific group as unique standards. In particular, we mean communication practices, rituals, forms of etiquette, etc. In a narrow sense, it expresses the degree of mastery of the skills of interaction that are created and adopted in a particular society. Accordingly, the culture of communication is a set of norms, the observance of which reflects the level of human education.

Principles of etiquette

In the first place, it should be noted courtesy. It is considered a key principle of etiquette and represents a form of respect for the interlocutor. Politeness involves understanding the specific situation, gender, age, social and official position of another person. In the process of communication, it is prescribed to avoid inappropriate phrases and questions, not to discuss such topics that can provoke negative emotions and associations from the interlocutor. These rules are combined with such a concept as tact. Precaution is another principle. It presupposes, first of all, courtesy, readiness to render service, attention. In the context of communication, precaution is associated with the ability to anticipate the probable wishes and questions of the interlocutor, agreeing in detail to inform him on topics that are essential in the interaction. Another important principle is tolerance (tolerance). It consists in the ability to put up with the possible differences of opinion, the desire to avoid categorical criticism. It is necessary to respect the views of others, try to understand the circumstances that influenced the formation of a particular point of view. With tolerance, consistency is closely connected. It is the ability to react calmly to tactless or unexpected questions of the interlocutor. In interaction with another person, as well as directly in the construction of dialogue, a special place is taken by benevolence. A friendly attitude helps to establish trust, if it is right to choose intonation and words.

The concept of communicative failure

In some cases, interlocutors can not realize intentions and expectations in the process of interaction, do not reach agreement with each other. . Such situations are seen as communicative failure of communication . The complexity of these cases is that they can not be analyzed in "pure form". In such situations, norms of non-verbal and verbal communication, etiquette rules, etc. are intertwined. We will understand what kinds and causes of communicative failures exist .

Prerequisites

могут быть самыми разными. The causes of communicative failures can be very different. Thus, for example, an improper atmosphere may act as a hindrance to establishing a mutually satisfying contact. In such cases, the interlocutors find it difficult to determine the tone of the conversation, they feel discomfort. As it was said above, these or other standards of etiquette are applied depending on the place of interaction. So, in the theater - one form of communication, and at the club party - another and completely different - at a business meeting. могут обуславливаться недостаточным опытом ведения переговоров. Communicative failures in professional communication can be caused by lack of experience in negotiating. If we talk about ordinary, nedelovyh contacts, then the obstacles arise due to insufficiently long acquaintance with the interlocutor. It is difficult to achieve mutual understanding due to differences in education, perception of moral standards, opinions and assessments.

Violation of parity

This is one of the most common circumstances that cause communicative failures. по этому поводу достаточно многочисленны. Examples from life on this occasion are quite numerous. All of them are connected with the desire of one subject to dominate in interaction. At the same time, the conditions of communicative interest are violated. In such situations, one interlocutor interrupts the other all the time, does not let him speak. In case of violation of parity, the communication partner, who is being hindered, may lose his mind and not convey the essence of his opinion. Meanwhile, the interrupter himself often loses very important information.

Failure to follow the formulas of etiquette

возникает в случаях, когда субъект не придерживается общепринятого порядка ведения беседы. As practice shows, communicative failure arises in cases when the subject does not adhere to the generally accepted order of conversation. In particular, we are talking about the non-use of etiquette formulas (greetings, invitations, apologies, etc.), the lack of analysis of the value of one's own statements on the level of attention of another person, the use of categorical conclusions, banal phrases. Instantly expressed conclusion does not always indicate wisdom, depth of mind and life experience. For executives, it is especially important not to rush to final judgments about some proposal put forward by subordinates. Some directors mistakenly believe that the categorical nature of conclusions is the key factor providing credibility. Meanwhile, in practice the situation is different. A leader who makes mistakes due to ill-conceived decisions and assessments, the credibility loses very quickly.

Inappropriate statements

зачастую обуславливается небрежно брошенными репликами в адрес собеседника. Communicative failure is often caused by carelessly thrown replicas in the address of the interlocutor. Statements can relate to the appearance of a person, personal qualities, actions. All these words and phrases can be interpreted as an expression of ill will. The interlocutor, in turn, can experience feelings of resentment, annoyance, vexation, grief. This practice of communication is typical for some leaders. This, of course, excludes the establishment of a trusting relationship, respect in a business conversation.

Using book vocabulary

This habit can also cause communicative failures. , несомненно, могут быть уместны в какой-то ситуации. Examples from the literature , of course, can be relevant in some situation. However, one should know that not always interlocutors have deep knowledge in this or that sphere, to know some non-common terms. So, many abuse such words as "indifferent", while one can say "indifferent", "diversification" instead of "diversity" and so on. Recognizing the certain flawedness of the speech culture, many try to use book and foreign expressions, often without thinking about their relevance and lexical meaning. , обусловленных неправильным употреблением терминов: "конкретно сделано", "без консенсуса не договориться". So, we can give the following examples of communicative failures caused by misuse of terms: "specifically done", "without consensus not to agree".

Additional factors

может обуславливаться различием языкового осмысления, манеры речевого сжатия. Communicative failure can be due to the difference in linguistic comprehension, the manner of speech compression. In many cases, the interlocutors do not take into account these factors. If the speaker does not take into account the ability of the listening subject to perceive the meaning of the phrases, he will not achieve the expected effect of his speech. As a result, there will be a negative feeling. It is caused, as a rule, by the fact that the interlocutor did not get a chance to rest and concentrate. In this regard, it is recommended not to use too long phrases in communication, to make brief pauses, to use formulas that help maintain contact. Examples of the latter are, in particular, expressions such as: "as you can see ...", "you probably know ...", "pay attention ..." and so on. Negative influence on the nature of interaction can be applied in speech of certain categories of words (unprintable vocabulary, parasitic words). Unnormal expressions are strictly prohibited in business communication. The manager using them will not be respected in the team. If taboo expressions are used by employees, this indicates, among other things, a low level of corporate culture.

Typology of communicative failures

At present, researchers have identified the so-called destructive forms of interaction. . They are regarded as specific types of communicative failures . They include:

1. Speech aggression. Examples of communicative failures: condemnation, insult, threats, etc.
2. Open expression of negative emotional attitudes towards a partner. They may be dislike, antipathy, hatred.
3. The denunciation. It can be an anonymous message or a statement that has an author.
4. The swearing (swearing).

связаны с проявлением негативных эмоций, отсутствием доброжелательности, уважения, терпимости к собеседнику. All these types of communicative failures are associated with the manifestation of negative emotions, lack of goodwill, respect, tolerance to the interlocutor.

Characteristic

Aggressive behavior is a tough, emotionally colored, purposeful attack on a person, a willingness and a desire to inflict damage. It expresses hostility to the subject. Speech aggression refers to a behavior in which a force is used as a tool, but a word. Such destructive impact can damage the person with respect to whom it is directed. Aggression can be caused by a defensive reaction. For example, an employee seeks to justify himself in response to comments from his superiors or a person is looking for a way to "save face". The use of abusive (not necessarily tabooed) words and expressions in speech can be viewed from different angles. For example, it can be a means of verbal aggression, an emotionally expressive reaction to unpleasant actions or events. Wrangling is also used to lower the social position of the addressee, granting a certain person negative characteristics. Speaking of aggression in speech, it is appropriate to quote the thoughts of Achilles Tatia. He said that the word is like an arrow shot from an onion. It pierces the soul, inflicting a wound on it. Brute arrows attract anger, reveal the misfortune of a person, plunging him into sadness. Reproaches cause a wound, which is called shame. Despite the fact that the injections of words are bloodless, their trace is very deep.

Conclusion

, таким образом, является следствием нарушения формул этикета речи, невыполнения правил и норм культурного взаимодействия, недостатка воспитания и пренебрежения саморазвитием. Any communicative failure , therefore, is a consequence of violation of the formulas of speech etiquette, non-fulfillment of rules and norms of cultural interaction, lack of education and neglect of self-development. Dynamically developing conditions of modern life require people to be single-minded, focused, able to make contact with others. ? How to avoid communicative failures ? Everyone can remove barriers in interaction. To do this, attention should be paid to self-education, to study the basic rules and norms of communication, speech etiquette. A huge help in this will be reading Russian classics. The literature acquaints readers with samples of beautiful and correct speech. Success always accompanies those who work hard to achieve their goals. As Balzac asserted, the charm in conversation and the lightness of the mind are either a gift from nature or a fetus of upbringing that was started in the cradle. The development of skills, the ability to interact with others, opens many doors. People with a culture of speech are the most interesting interlocutors. It is pleasant to be with them in the company, they can be consulted for. They always listen attentively to the interlocutor, share their own experience, help to understand the problems.