Cities-science cities of Russia: list. Development of science cities of Russia. What science nuclear science is nuclear physics specializing in? The first science city of Russia

To date, it is quite obvious that only with the development of innovative technologies will Russia be able to take its proper place in the global economic market. This will also allow our state to restore and preserve the status of a great power.

Yes, Russia is rich in exported natural resources (including gas and oil). However, the products of their primary processing are not the foundation of economic power, sometimes placing the country in dependence on the more developed states. That is why an early transition from an economy that focuses on fuel and energy resources to an innovative development of all spheres of the national economy is required. And this is possible only with the stimulation of intellectual and research activities in the field of energy and transport, mechanical engineering, instrumentation, aviation and space.

An innovative breakthrough in medicine and education, bio- and information technologies is also needed. How to achieve this? Activation and stimulation of powerful intellectual and scientific and technical potential through the development of science cities of Russia.

History of appearance

Such a concept as "science city" appeared in Russia only in the early 90s of the last century. And at its initial stage it had a collective character. In the list, which hosted the science cities of Russia, cities and towns were merged, which had similar development problems. This included a special type of settlement. In them city-forming were scientific-production and other organizations directly connected with the development of the scientific and technical sphere of the national economy of the country. What were the prerequisites for creating such settlements?

The city of Naukograd was the product of a worldwide trend. Their emergence became possible at a time when innovative development became significant in the level of development of the state.

The Russian cities of science were distinguished by such a powerful concentration of intelligence that they made it possible to create and then to maintain much needed strategic parity in the most important military areas. In addition, by creating such settlements, the state managed to achieve the highest level of research in a number of areas.

Geography of science cities

At present, there are seventy settlements on the territory of our country, the main purpose of which is the development of innovative directions. The city-science cities of Russia are located in the zone of settlement.

Almost half of this list can be found on the map of the Moscow region. Among them is Zelenograd, which by administrative ownership is part of the capital.

Outside the Moscow region, on the territory of Central Russia, there are eight more scientific entities. They are located in the Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod regions.

The Urals is the second region where Russian science cities are located with a rather large concentration. The list with the largest list of them have the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. In the third place in the concentration of such formations is Western Siberia. There are six science cities on its territory. You can find them on the map of the Altai Territory, as well as the Tomsk and Novosibirsk Regions.

Composition of science cities

Most of the settlements that concentrate intellectual potential are cities. More recently, two villages have received the status of "city-science cities of Russia". The list of such formations is enlarged:

- Settlement. Chernogolovka, located in the Moscow region;
- Settlement. New building, changed its name to the city of Peresvet.

In the list of science cities - seven urban-type settlements. There are four rural settlements among similar formations. But this is not all science cities of Russia. The list of them is supplemented by the academic towns of the major scientific centers of the Far East and Siberia. According to their administrative affiliation, they are areas of cities.

Diversity is also different in the number of people living in science cities. In the largest of them more than two hundred thousand inhabitants are registered. In this list there is such a science city of Russia as Biysk. To large scientific formations with the same number belong Dzerzhinsk and Zelenograd.

How many science cities of Russia are in second place in terms of the number of people living in them? There are eight such formations. And most of this list is located in the Moscow region.

More often, the science city of Russia is a locality with 20 to 100 thousand inhabitants. This amount of population is in almost half of all scientific entities.

The smallest city-science city of Russia is Primorsk, located in the Leningrad region. Its population is just over six thousand people.

The number of people residing in science cities, which are in the status of urban-type settlements, is different. So, the population of the village. Orew - 1,5 thousand people, and the village. Krasnoobsk - 17,5 thousand.

As for the Academgorodoks, the number of their residents is not known exactly. This is explained by the occurrence of such formations in the composition of large cities. Specific data is only about the Novosibirsk Academgorodok, because this scientific education is located in the Soviet district of the administrative center. At the beginning of 2001 130.9 thousand people were registered here.

Expanding the list of science cities

At present it is difficult to calculate the total number of scientific centers that are engaged in the activity of introducing modern technologies into the national economy of the country. The fact is that there are closed cities - closed administrative-territorial entities, called "mailboxes". Their active declassification began in the first half of the nineties of the last century, but today not all of these centers are known to the general public.

Expand the list, which includes city-science cities of Russia, can also some localities that have a powerful scientific and technical potential. For example, relatively recently this happened with Gatchina, located in the Leningrad region. This settlement, with a population of 82,300 people, has become a science city because of the St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics located on its territory.

The list of similar entities can be entered:

- Angarsk, located in the Irkutsk region (population - 264 thousand people);
- Glazov (106.8 thousand inhabitants), located on the territory of Udmurtia.

In Angarsk, an electrolysis plant working on enriching uranium operates . Glazov, by the right, can be considered the ancestor of the Ural nuclear industry. This status was assigned to the city because of Chepetsk Mechanical Plant, which produces metal uranium.

Potential science city of Russia - Sosenskiy with a population of 14.6 thousand people. In this settlement there is a Research Institute of Instrumentation and Automation, which designs systems for the aviation industry.

But this is not a complete list of cities and towns that are candidates for inclusion in the list of science cities. So, for today, the question of including Petrodvorets in the list of similar entities is being considered, because this settlement is the most famous and largest museum city in the world.

Assign status

In November 1997, the President of the Russian Federation laid the foundation for a state policy for the development of scientific centers. It was during this period that the decree "On measures for the development of science cities as cities of high technology and science" was signed. It was then that the very concept of such an education was realized, which carries out innovative and scientific and technical activities and conducts various kinds of experimental development in priority areas for the country.

The first science city of Russia, which officially received a similar status, is Obninsk, located in the Kaluga region. It happened in May 2000. A year later, the town of Korolev (Moscow region) was officially named City of Science. In December 2001, this status was given to Mr. Dubna.

Specialization of science cities

Cities engaged in innovative and scientific and technical developments, conduct their activities in different directions. So, in one row there are classical scientific settlements (Borok, Dubna, Troitsk) and akademgorodki. Separately, cities are distinguished, with an impressive scientific and production base (Reutov, Khimki, Zhukovsky). To them also carry science cities of the atomic complex (Sarov, Ozersk, etc.). In a separate group of similar formations there are cities in which tests of the produced equipment are conducted (Plesetsk, Mirny, Dmitrov-7, etc.).

However, in the main science cities of Russia and their specialization are complex. In such centers of intellectual thought, various kinds of scientific research are carried out, covering a wide range of areas. However, all of them are united by one specific feature. Among a huge number of activities, there are always two or three major ones. Such naukograds are called polyoriented.

Also there are mono-specialized cities. In them there is an orientation only in one direction of research.

When classifying science cities by their specialization, an intermediate group is also singled out. It includes such entities in which scientific developments are conducted in a number of areas, but only one of them is basic, and the rest - only additional or accompanying the main type of activity.

Space research and aviaraketostroenie

The most widely spread research organizations involved in development for space and aviation needs. How many science cities in Russia are carrying out activities in this direction? There are 25 such centers in the country, most of them in the Moscow region. There are among them also such cities, which played a special role in the scientific and technical development of the country.

So, the leader of the domestic aircraft industry is Mr. Zhukovsky. Its population is 95.1 thousand people. This science city serves as the leading center of our country, in which the design and testing of aircraft is carried out. Here, there are the Gromov Flight Research Institute, known all over the world, as well as the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. Zhukovsky.

Naukograd with space specialization is also Korolev, whose population is 132.9 thousand people. The main enterprise of this education is the corporation "Energia". It is the leading aerospace firm in the country, a developer of many space programs, including Energia-Buran. But not only this is famous Mr. Korolev. On its territory is the center for training astronauts.

Another science town is adjacent to the Queen. This is the Jubilee with a population of 27,700 people. In the territory of this formation there are research institutes engaged in the development of systems for the rocket and space complex.
Naukograd with a similar specialization is the Star City. Its population is 5,5 thousand inhabitants. This formation is a settlement in the territory of which the cosmonauts prepare for manned flights.

In the western direction from Moscow is a closed-type science city. This city of Krasnoznamensk, which is home to 29.4 thousand people. Back in the late 40s of the last century, the Central Communication Center was opened on the territory of this entity, which today is the main center for testing and managing space flights.

One of the most famous science cities, specializing in space research, are such cities as Mirny and Znamensk. They are located near the cosmodromes Plesetsk and Kapustin Yar.

Centers of Radio Engineering and Electronics

The scientific cities specializing in their activities in these areas are separated into a separate group, since the research conducted therein is unique. There are three such formations in Russia. Two such cities - Fryazino and Zelenograd - are on the territory of the Moscow region. The third - Pravdinsk - in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The recognized capital of electronics in Russia is Zelenograd. The history of this city, which currently houses 207.8 thousand people, began in 1958. It was then that the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the beginning of the construction of a satellite city of the capital. The place for this administrative education was chosen as the territory located near the station Kryukovo. Already in the first ten years of its existence, eight large institutions were built in the city, with the construction of pilot plants engaged in various developments, including in the field of microelectronics.

Development of the nuclear complex

Among the science cities of Russia there are also those who specialize in scientific research, and also are engaged in the application of the technologies developed by them in the fields of nuclear chemistry and physics. A special place in this list is occupied by ten atomic cities. At one time, such cities were created thanks to the introduction of an atomic project in the USSR. The beginning of the creation of such science cities was laid back in 1943. It was then that Laboratory No. 2 appeared in Moscow, dealing with the tasks of creating nuclear weapons. Today it is a large highly developed scientific center called the Kurchatov Institute.

In the future, the development of the Laboratory required the creation of a number of organizations located in significant areas where it was possible to locate research and production and testing facilities. To solve this problem, ten enterprises were built. All of them were far from populated areas, as well as automobile and railway highways (away from "superfluous eyes").

The most famous science science nuclear physics in Russia is Sarov. It is located in the European part of the country, on the square occupied by the Mordovian reserve. The number of residents living in it is 84.9 thousand people. In different years this science city had such names as Yasnogorsk and Kremlev, Arzamas-75 and Arzamas-16. And only in 1994, after the referendum, the city began to be called: Sarov.

What science nuclear science is nuclear physics specializing in? In addition to the above, it is worth mentioning the city of Zarechny. It is also located in the European part of the country, on the territory of the Penza region.

There are five more atograds in the Urals. This Snezhinsk, Ozersk and Trekhgorny, located in the Chelyabinsk region, as well as Novouralsk and Lesnoy - in the Sverdlovsk region. Three cities specializing in nuclear research are located in Siberia. This is Seversk in the Tomsk Region, Zelenogorsk and Zheleznogorsk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Another specialty of which science city of Russia is nuclear physics? In addition to the ten above mentioned above, eight cities are included in the list of such formations, on the territory of which there are large scientific research institutes of this direction. Among them Dimitrovgrad and Gatchina, Obninsk and Dubna, Protvino, Troitsk and others.

One of the cities of this list I would like to emphasize separately. This Obninsk is the first science city in Russia, which received such a high status. It is located south-west of Moscow, one hundred and twenty kilometers from the capital, and today its population is 107.8 thousand people.

The construction of Obninsk began in 1946, when it was decided to erect a secret facility "B" on the basis of a boarding school and an orphanage. Research in the field of nuclear physics was conducted not only by Soviet, but also by German specialists invited to the Laboratory under a contract. Later in Obninsk, the Institute of Physics and Power was created, and in 1954 the world's first nuclear power plant began its work.

Solving agricultural problems

Naukograd agrarian specialization in Russia is the city of Michurinsk. This status was given to this settlement, located in the Tambov region, relatively recently - on 4/11/2003, on the basis of the Presidential Decree. The same document also approved the main directions in which the science agrarian specialization in Russia, which is unique in Russia, should be carried out. Among them are the following:

- research in the field of selection and genetics, biochemistry and biotechnology, ecology of vegetable, berry and fruit crops, as well as identification of mechanisms of productivity, stability and stabilization of agroecosystems;
- development of ecologically safe experimental technologies not only for production, but also for transportation, processing and long-term storage of various fruit and vegetable products;
- scientific and technical innovation work, testing and experimental development in the field of creating technical means, as well as obtaining new, environmentally friendly food products;
- training of personnel for work in all spheres of the agro-industrial complex.