In mushroom cells can not be found what? Features of the fungal cell structure, characteristic

Mushrooms are absolutely unique organisms, the signs of which are largely due to their cellular structure. The structure and features of vital functions of their functional units will be devoted to our article.

Features of mushrooms

Mushrooms combine the characteristic features of representatives of several Kings of wildlife. On the one hand, they have signs of plants:

1. It is an attached way of life and growth that continues throughout the entire period of existence.
2. The mushroom cell has a large vacuole. This organelle is filled with water with mineral substances dissolved in it.
3. Also like plants, fungi have a cell wall containing carbohydrate cellulose. This substance gives them special strength and rigidity.
4. Types of reproduction of fungi are also similar to plant - most of them are capable of spore formation and to the vegetative mode.

However, for these organisms, the most important characteristic of animals is characteristic. This is a heterotrophic method of nutrition. In the cells of fungi, chloroplasts can not be detected. And it is these green plastids that determine the ability of organisms to photosynthesize.

Characteristics of fungal cells

Fungi can be either single-celled or multicellular. An example of the first group is mukor. Its mycelium (mycelium) is one large branched cell, which contains several nuclei at once. For sure, everyone watched tortures in the form of a white raid on stale bread and noticed that over time it darkens. This is a sure sign that the cell has already formed spores, with the help of which asexual reproduction of mukora occurs.

Interesting features of the structure of the fungal cell, which is called yeast. They do not form a real mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular microscopic fungi. Their characteristic feature is reproduction by budding.

The totality of fungal cells forms hyphae. These are the filaments that make up mycelium and fruit bodies. Mushrooms do not have real fabrics. The totality of hyphae is called pseudoparenchyma, since its cells are not specialized. Their main function is the absorption of water from the substrate.

Hyphae of capillary fungi multicellular. They have an interesting feature. In the partitions that are located between their cells, there are holes. Through them, the cytoplasm along with organoids can move around all the hyphae.

Mushroom cell shell

The superficial apparatus of fungal cells is represented by a membrane and a wall. The first structure has a typical structure and consists of protein-lipid complexes. The cell wall of fungi is characterized by the presence of a large number of glucose polymers. These include:

• chitin;
• cellulose;
• Glucans.

The first of them prevails. A similar substance is a part of the outer skeleton of arthropod animals. Chitin defines such features of the fungal cell structure as inertness, stiffness and strength.

In its chemical nature, this is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide with an unbranched structure. The cell wall of the fungi also contains cellulose, glucans, galactose and glycoproteins.

Constant cellular structures

The fungal cell organoids are typical of eukaryotes. Their internal contents are represented by the cytoplasm, which is a semi-liquid basis for the placement of various structures.

In the cells of fungi, centrioles, plastids and organelles of motion can not be detected. The central position is occupied by the nucleus, in which hereditary information is stored. The functions of synthesis, storage and transportation of various organic substances are peroxisomes, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. It stores the substance and vacuole, in which the complex carbohydrate glycogen is deposited.

The energy role is played by mitochondria, on the membranes of which ATP molecules are formed. The musculoskeletal system of the fungal cell forms a cytoskeleton. In the process of "assembling" protein molecules, ribosomes also participate, which are located on the surface of granular EPS. And in the cleavage of various substances, vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes actively participate. They are called lysosomes.

The structure of each type of organelles is closely related to the function performed, the combined effect of which determines the coordinated work of the complex cellular structure.

Method of nutrition

In the cells of fungi, plastids can not be detected. First of all, this applies to chloroplasts, the presence of which determines the way in which organisms are fed. The specific features of the fungal cells are that they consume only ready-made substances and are not able to synthesize them independently. This method of nutrition is called heterotrophic.

That is why mold fungi settle on food products. Their plaque can be seen on bread, vegetables and fruits. Among the fungi there are many parasitic species. Phytophthora, turtles, powdery mildew settle on plants and feed on their substances.

The body of the capped fungi is represented by a multicellular mycelium located below the ground. It consists of separate threads, which are called hyphae. On the surface of the earth, the mycelium forms fruiting bodies, which we are accustomed to call mushrooms. Hyphae suck water and minerals from the soil, acting like a plant root.

Type of reproduction

Features of the fungal cells determine the type of their reproduction. So, yeast is actively budding. Their cells form a protrusion, which grows, acquires the characteristic features of the structure and splits off. In favorable conditions this process is very productive. Thanks to this yeast has long been widely used in bakery and winemaking.

Many species of fungi form cells of asexual reproduction - spores. This method is also effective. For example, in the lower layer of the cap of an ordinary poderezozovik millions of spores can ripen. These small and light cells are easily spread by wind, water, insects and humans.

With the help of hyphae mushrooms reproduce vegetatively. It is only necessary to separate a part of the mycelium and place it in a favorable environment, as after a while it will expand and again form the fruiting bodies.

The sexual process occurs in fungi with the help of both spores and gametes, which are formed in specialized organs, pairing together.

Motion

Mushroom cells, as a rule, are immovable. These organisms lead an attached way of life, which brings them closer to plants. The static position of the fungi is explained by their dependence on the substrate, which is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for them. An exception are spores of lower fungi. They have movement organelles - flagella, which allow them to travel a huge distance of several thousand kilometers.

Growth

Like plants, these organisms increase in size throughout life. But how many mushrooms live then? Not so long. For example, hat mushrooms, which we collect in the forest, reach maximum sizes in two weeks. And the process of the most intensive growth is observed in them in the first five days of development.

First, the leg stops growing, after which it is "caught up" with the hat for a few more days. For intensive growth of fungi, conditions are very important. This is a sufficient amount of moisture, heat, the presence of oxygen. No wonder they say, "grow like mushrooms after the rain."

Variety of mushrooms

Mushrooms are classified according to different signs. According to the structure of the mycelium, two groups are distinguished: lower and higher. The first have a non-cellular mycelium, which is devoid of septa. The group of higher ones is the most numerous.

By the features of the organization, the mushrooms are hatched and moldy, and the latter of them are single-and multicellular. Classify these organisms and the type of food. Parasites live at the expense of other living things, often causing their severe diseases. And saprotrophic fungi, to which the absolute majority belongs, do not cause harm. They decompose the organic matter of the remains of living organisms, being an important part of any ecosystem.

So, the cell of the fungus combines the signs of both plants and animals. For this reason they form a separate systematic unit. In the cells of fungi, chloroplasts can not be detected. Therefore, they are able to feed only on ready organic substances - heterotrophically. An animal feature of fungal cells is also the storage of glycogen polysaccharide and the presence of chitin. There are a number of vegetative features of the structure. These include the presence of the cell wall and vacuoles.